Setting the Stage

Hawley, Catherine. “Woman Attacked, Robbed of IPhone by 2 Women in Fells Point.” WMAR 2 News Baltimore, 19 July 2016, www.wmar2news.com/news/crime-checker/baltimore-city-crime/woman-attacked-robbed-of-cellphone-by-2-other-women-in-federal-hill. Accessed 29 May 2025.

Schoof, Tim. “Enter the King’s Mouth, an Immersive Art Experience – SLUG Magazine.” SLUG Magazine – Salt Lake UnderGround, 1 Sept. 2021, www.slugmag.com/arts/art/enter-the-kings-mouth-an-immersive-art-experience/. Accessed 19 Dec. 2024.

Schroder, Gary. “Hi Gary How Goes It?” 30 May 2025.

Seamans, Robert, and Feng Zhu. “Responses to Entry in Multi-Sided Markets: The Impact of Craigslist on Local Newspapers – Article – Faculty & Research – Harvard Business School.” Hbs.edu, Management Science, Feb. 2014, www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=45143. Accessed 30 Nov. 2024.

“The King’s Mouth – Ogden Contemporary Arts.” Ogden Contemporary Arts, 13 July 2021, ogdencontemporaryarts.org/the-kings-mouth/. Accessed 19 Dec. 2024.

Earliest impressions

Cassie, Ron. “Released 50 Years Ago, John Waters’ “Pink Flamingos” Flouted Tastes and Social Mores.” Baltimore Magazine, 2 Mar. 2022, www.baltimoremagazine.com/section/artsentertainment/pink-flamingos-john-waters-divine-celebrates-50th-anniversary/. Accessed 20 Dec. 2024.

Confer, Kerby. “Kerby Confer.” Country Aircheck, June 2016, archive.countryaircheck.com/images/upload/file/06-2016/KerbyConfer.pdf. Accessed 3 June 2025.

Douglass, Frederick. “Image 49 of Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave.” The Library of Congress, 2015, www.loc.gov/resource/lhbcb.25385/?sp=49&st=text. Accessed 20 Dec. 2024.

Falkowitz, Max. “The Little Ship That Upended the Global Tea Trade.” In Pursuit of Tea, 21 Apr. 2022, inpursuitoftea.com/blogs/the-ipot-journal/clipper-ships-global-tea-trade-history. Accessed 20 Dec. 2024.

Gildea, William. When the Colts Belonged to Baltimore : A Father and a Son, a Team and a Time. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996.

Gunts, Ed. “Martick’s Building Goes on the Auction Block as Redevelopment Plan Falters | Baltimore Brew.” Baltimore Brew, 25 Mar. 2021, www.baltimorebrew.com/2021/03/25/marticks-building-goes-on-the-auction-block-as-redevelopment-plan-falters/. Accessed 20 Dec. 2024.

Matthias, Bruce. “Kirby Scott’s WingDing on WDCA Channel 20.” Blogspot.com, 22 Jan. 2009, mymusicalmeanderings.blogspot.com/2009/01/kirby-scotts-wingding-on-wdca-channel.html. Accessed 3 June 2025.

“Park after Dark.” Friends of Patterson Park, 2024, pattersonpark.com/parkafterdark. Accessed 20 Dec. 2024.

Prison Policy Initiative. “County Appendix – Where People in Prison Come from – Maryland (2020).” Prisonpolicy.org, 2020, www.prisonpolicy.org/origin/md/2020/county.html. Accessed 1 Feb. 2025.

Rasmussen, Fred. “Loudy and Big Wheel | Baltimore Colts Super Fans.” Bmoresportsnest, 2018, gatorrick15.wixsite.com/bmoresportsnest/loudy-and-big-wheel. Accessed 1 July 2025.

“Roland Park.” BNIA – Baltimore Neighborhood Indicators Alliance, University of Baltimore, 2015, bniajfi.org/community/Greater%20Roland%20Park_Poplar%20Hill/. Accessed 1 Feb. 2025.

Sandler, Gilbert. “How the City’s Nickname Came to Be.” The Baltimore Sun, 18 July 1995, www.baltimoresun.com/1995/07/18/how-the-citys-nickname-came-to-be/. Accessed 30 Jan. 2025.

Taylor, James, and Danielle Dernoga. “Are We Still Charm City?” Baltimore Magazine, 3 Dec. 2018, www.baltimoremagazine.com/section/community/are-we-still-charm-city-exploring-baltimore-nickname/. Accessed 29 Jan. 2025.

“Walk in Frederick Douglass’ Footsteps around Baltimore.” Visit Baltimore, baltimore.org/what-to-do/walk-in-the-footsteps-of-frederick-douglass-baltimore/. Accessed 20 Dec. 2024.

Waters, John. “Ladies and Gentleman . . . The Nicest Kids in Town!” Baltimore Magazine, 1 Apr. 1985, www.baltimoremagazine.com/section/artsentertainment/john-waters-on-keeping-the-memory-of-the-buddy-deane-show-alive/. Accessed 2 June 2025.

Moonlight illuminates the Nighthawk

Burke, James. “Stoop Sitting, Baltimore, Maryland (1930s) — in Baltimore, MD.” Facebook Historic Baltimore, 27 Feb. 2023, www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=591918522980589&id=100064873383736&set=a.567980482041060. Accessed 20 Dec. 2024.

Cohen, Lauren. “Jimmy’s Restaurant to Reopen Celebrating Old and New – Baltimore Magazine.” Baltimore Magazine, 6 July 2017, www.baltimoremagazine.com/section/fooddrink/jimmys-restaurant-to-reopen-celebrating-old-and-new/. Accessed 23 Dec. 2024.

Condon, Christine. “Jimmy’s Restaurant in Fells Point Sells for $1M, Will Get New Name and Caribbean Flair.” The Baltimore Sun, 4 Jan. 2021, www.baltimoresun.com/2021/01/04/jimmys-restaurant-in-fells-point-sells-for-1m-will-get-new-name-and-caribbean-flair/. Accessed 23 Dec. 2024.

Corey, Mary. “Customers’ Blues Keep Sabina Waldman in The….” Baltimore Sun, 15 Aug. 1993, www.baltimoresun.com/1993/08/15/customers-blues-keep-sabina-waldman-in-the/. Accessed 23 Dec. 2024.

Hemmen, Pim Van. “A Life Soaked in Salt.” Soundings Online, 5 Apr. 2021, www.soundingsonline.com/features/a-life-soaked-in-salt. Accessed 24 Dec. 2024.

Kelly, Jacques. “Old Charm Lures a New Crowd; Revival: Bright Lights and a Small- Town Feel Prove to Be a Holiday Draw in Fells Point.” The Baltimore Sun, 16 Dec. 1998. Accessed 2 Jan. 2025.

Keyser, Tom. “ Friends Lift a Few in Fond Memory of Jack Nasty .” The Baltimore Sun, 7 Jan. 1992, www.baltimoresun.com/1992/01/07/friends-lift-a-few-in-fond-memory-of-jack-nasty/. Accessed 24 Dec. 2024.

Kloepple, Sarah. “Duda’s Tavern Celebrates 70 Years in Fells Point – Baltimore Magazine.” Baltimore Magazine, 17 Dec. 2019, www.baltimoremagazine.com/section/fooddrink/dudas-tavern-celebrates-70-years-in-fells-point/. Accessed 24 Dec. 2024.

Kodat, Katie Gunther. “Butchers Hill Residents Meet on Crime, Support.” The Baltimore Sun, 10 Feb. 1987, p. 5B.

Maximino, Martin. “The Impact of Crime on Property Values: Research Roundup.” The Journalist’s Resource, 12 Mar. 2014, journalistsresource.org/economics/the-impact-of-crime-on-property-values-research-roundup/. Accessed 19 Apr. 2025.

“Meggett Acquitted of Solicitation.” The Baltimore Sun, 1 May 1990, p. 1E.

Olesker, Michael. “Heralding Fells Point’s Place in U.S. History”: The Baltimore Sun, Oct. 2002. Accessed 2 Jan. 2025.

Rizzo, Katherine O. “Arabbing: More than a Way of Life – the Equiery.” The Equiery, 13 Jan. 2021, equiery.com/arabbing-more-than-a-way-of-life/. Accessed 24 Dec. 2024.

Schoettler, Carl. “Anchors Aweigh; the China Sea Marine Trading Co., a Beloved Seafaring Antiques and Oddities Shop, Sets Sail to a New Port in Maine. Its Owners, Tall Ships in the Community, Are Taking a Little Piece of Fells Point with Them.” The Baltimore Sun, 2 June 1999. Accessed 23 Dec. 2024.

Smith, Jane A. “Man, 18, Gets 40 Years in Rape at Laundromat.” The Baltimore Sun, 1 May 1987, p. 3B.

Traub, James. “The Criminals of Tomorrow.” The New Yorker, 27 Oct. 1996, www.newyorker.com/magazine/1996/11/04/the-criminals-of-tomorrow. Accessed 23 Dec. 2024.

“Upper Fells Point Neighborhood in Baltimore, Maryland (MD), 21231 Subdivision Profile – Real Estate, Apartments, Condos, Homes, Community, Population, Jobs, Income, Streets.” City-Data.com, 2025, www.city-data.com/neighborhood/Upper-Fells-Point-Baltimore-MD.html. Accessed 7 Feb. 2025.

Walking to work

Adams, Noah. “Laura Lippman’s Baltimore: Loving a Flawed Place.” NPR, 23 Aug. 2007, www.npr.org/2007/08/23/13871677/laura-lippmans-baltimore-loving-a-flawed-place. Accessed 24 Dec. 2024.

“Baltimore Chromium Residue Cleanup – History.” Baltimorechromiumresiduecleanup.com, 2024, baltimorechromiumresiduecleanup.com/history/. Accessed 24 Dec. 2024.

Cassie, Ron. “How Baltimore Invented the Modern World.” Baltimore Magazine, 2 June 2019, www.baltimoremagazine.com/section/businessdevelopment/how-baltimore-invented-the-modern-world/. Accessed 28 Jan. 2025.

Naval Diversion at Inner Harbor. The Baltimore Sun, 14 May 1987. Accessed 24 Dec. 2024.

Birdwatching at the oasis

“Atlantic Flyway.” Audubon, www.audubon.org/climate/survivalbydegrees/flyway/atlantic. Accessed 30 Jan. 2025.

Dowling, Tim. “David Sedaris? Who? Oh, You Mean the Local Litter-Picker.” The Guardian, 31 July 2014, www.theguardian.com/books/shortcuts/2014/jul/31/david-sedaris-litter-picker-rubbish-waste-vehicle-pig-pen-west-sussex. Accessed 30 Dec. 2024.

Gans, Eric. “Anarcho-Tyranny, Thirty Years Later — Chronicles of Love and Resentment.” Anthropoetics, 13 Jan. 2024, anthropoetics.ucla.edu/views/vw795/. Accessed 31 Dec. 2024.

“Patterson Park, Baltimore, Maryland.” EBird, Jan. 2025, ebird.org/hotspot/L449982. Accessed 1 Jan. 2025.

“Patterson Park Boat Lake.” Baltimore City Department of Recreation & Parks, 22 Dec. 2015, bcrp.baltimorecity.gov/pattersonboatlake. Accessed 30 Dec. 2024.

A senator moves out

Baer, Susan. “Thief Took Much More than Mikulski’s Purse Senator Recovering from Oct. 15 Mugging.” The Baltimore Sun, 23 Oct. 1995, www.baltimoresun.com/1995/11/01/thief-took-much-more-than-mikulskis-purse-senator-recovering-from-oct-15-mugging/. Accessed 20 Dec. 2024.

CBS Baltimore. “Councilwoman Speaks out after Brazen Attack Downtown Garage.” Cbsnews.com, 4 Dec. 2016, www.cbsnews.com/baltimore/news/councilwoman-speaks-out-after-brazen-attack-downtown-garage/. Accessed 21 Dec. 2024.

Gates, Henry Louis  Jr. “The Free City of Baltimore.” Oxford African American Studies Center, Feb. 2014, oxfordaasc.com/page/2901. Accessed 29 Dec. 2024.

Jacobson, Joan. “Mikulski’s Mugger Pleads Guilty, Draws 5 1/4 -Year Sentence.” The Baltimore Sun, 2 May 1996, www.baltimoresun.com/1996/05/02/mikulskis-mugger-pleads-guilty-draws-5-14-year-sentence/. Accessed 23 Dec. 2024.

James, Michael. “Man with Record Charged in Mugging of Mikulski Suspect to Stand Trial next Month in 4 Different Cases.” The Baltimore Sun, 24 Oct. 1995, www.baltimoresun.com/1995/10/24/man-with-record-charged-in-mugging-of-mikulski-suspect-to-stand-trial-next-month-in-4-different-cases/. Accessed 20 Dec. 2024.

Langfitt, Frank, and Michael James. “Mikulski Gives up Rowhouse for Condo Senator Says Goodbye to Fells Point, Hello to Homewood.” The Baltimore Sun, 15 June 1996, www.baltimoresun.com/1996/06/15/mikulski-gives-up-rowhouse-for-condo-senator-says-goodbye-to-fells-point-hello-to-homewood/. Accessed 20 Dec. 2024.

Mitchell, Meghan. The Convict Code Revisited: An Examination of Prison Culture and Its Association with Violent Misconduct and Victimization: A Dissertation. 2018.

Zellers, Zoe. “Councilwoman Rikki Spector Assaulted & Robbed in South Baltimore Parking Garage.” WBFF, 2 Dec. 2016, foxbaltimore.com/news/local/after-reports-of-alleged-assault-in-garage-councilwoman-rikki-spector-said-to-be-fine. Accessed 21 Dec. 2024.

A firebombing and a curb stomping

Anft, Michael. ““Like Him Right There:” What Does the Random Murder of Zachary Sowers Tell Us about Urban Violence? And What Does a Widow Do in the Aftermath?” Johns Hopkins Magazine, June 2008, pages.jh.edu/jhumag/0608web/sowers.html. Accessed 14 Dec. 2024.

Bright, Justin. “Zach Sowers  – Updates.” Zachsowers.com, 17 Dec. 2007, www.zachsowers.com/index.php?page=9. Accessed 13 Jan. 2025.

Burkett, Wanye. “Crime Is Bad and Addressing It Is a Core Function of the State.” X (Formerly Twitter), 6 Dec. 2023, x.com/wanyeburkett/status/1732415313138823189. Accessed 9 Jan. 2025.

—. “There Are Neighborhoods Where the Odds That an Outsider Walking Alone Would Be Victimized Rapidly Approach 100%.” X (Formerly Twitter), 6 Jan. 2025, x.com/wanyeburkett/status/1876299984049717420. Accessed 9 Jan. 2025.

Cassie, Ron. “When You’re Going through Hell, Keep on Going. Her Husband’s Murder Transformed a Young Wife into a Victims’ Rights Advocate. Will Anna Sowers’ Activism Make Baltimore Safer?” Baltimore Magazine, 2 Mar. 2009, www.baltimoremagazine.com/section/community/when-youre-going-through-hell-keep-on-going/. Accessed 2 Dec. 2024.

Cooper-Doerr, Lisa M. “No Matter His Age, a Criminal Must Be Punished.” The Baltimore Sun, 28 Mar. 2008. Accessed 10 Jan. 2025.

“Dawson Lawsuit Ruling Is Upheld; Court of Appeals Says City, State Officials Not Liable in 2002 Firebombing That Killed 7.” The Baltimore Sun, 13 Apr. 2007. Accessed 3 Jan. 2025.

Elinson, Zusha, and Jacob Gershman. “Rising Crime Tests “Progressive” District Attorneys — San Francisco’s Top Prosecutor Is among Those Facing Electoral Challenges.” The Wall Street Journal, 2022. Accessed 10 Jan. 2025.

Emery, Chris. “After Attack, Still Grasping for Life: Month after a Man Was Robbed, His Wife Struggles to Move On.” The Baltimore Sun, 10 Mar. 2008. Accessed 12 Jan. 2025.

“Fire Fatal to 6 Leads a City to Scrutinize Its Drug War.” The New York Times, 19 Oct. 2002. Accessed 3 Jan. 2025.

Gaddy, Kristina. “A Guide to Baltimore Rowhouses.” Neighborhoods.com, 11 Nov. 2021, www.neighborhoods.com/blog/a-guide-to-baltimore-rowhouses. Accessed 16 Jan. 2025.

Gettleman, Jeffrey. “Ashes and Tears in Lost Battle of Drug War.” The New York Times, 18 Oct. 2002. Accessed 3 Jan. 2025.

—. “Fire Kills Mother and Children at Home.” The New York Times, 17 Oct. 2002. Accessed 3 Jan. 2025.

—. “In Baltimore, Slogan Collides with Reality.” The New York Times, 2 Sept. 2003. Accessed 3 Jan. 2025.

Gibon, Gail, and Laurie Willis. “Tears and Remorse Precede Life Term in Dawson Deaths ; Arsonist, Victims’ Family Tell Judge of Their Pain.” The Baltimore Sun, 23 Aug. 2003. Accessed 5 Jan. 2025.

Glass_Past139. “ Can Someone Give Me Insight on the Union Square Area? .” Reddit.com, 22 Dec. 2021, www.reddit.com/r/baltimore/comments/rm367r/can_someone_give_me_insight_on_the_union_square/. Accessed 11 Jan. 2025.

Gowan, Annie. “Searching for Answers; Funeral for Md. Family That Took on Drug Dealers Draws Hundreds.” The Washington Post, 25 Oct. 2002. Accessed 5 Jan. 2025.

Harris, Melissa. “Move to Oust Jessamy Aide Persists; Victim’s Widow Holds Rally at Courthouse.” The Baltimore Sun, 25 July 2008. Accessed 10 Jan. 2025.

—. “Remarks about Fatal Beating Spark Outrage; Wife of Victim Says Prosecutors’ Details Are Wrong.” The Baltimore Sun, 14 June 2008. Accessed 10 Jan. 2025.

Hogan, Thomas. “Rogue Prosecutors Deconstructing the Progressive Prosecutor Movement in the United States, a Book Review.” California Legal History Vol. 24, 2024, www.cschs.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Legal-Hist-v19-Articles-Rogue-Prosecutors.pdf. Accessed 10 Jan. 2025.

Jones, Brent. “ 3 Admit Roles in Beating: Teens Reach Pleas, Agree to Testify in Patterson Park Attack.” The Baltimore Sun, 8 Dec. 2007. Accessed 12 Jan. 2025.

“Justice for Sale: How George Soros Put Radical Prosecutors in Power.” Law Enforcement Legal Defense Fund, June 2022, www.policedefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Justice_For_Sale_LELDF_report.pdf. Accessed 10 Jan. 2025.

Kane, Gregory. “Her Day in Court far from Satisfying.” The Baltimore Sun, 12 Dec. 2007. Accessed 13 Jan. 2025.

—. “It’ Time to Stop Babying Criminals.” The Baltimore Sun, 17 Oct. 2007. Accessed 7 Jan. 2025.

—. “We All Share Responsibility for Failing the Dawson Family”: The Baltimore Sun, 19 Feb. 2005. Accessed 14 Dec. 2024.

Lampariello, Dan. “Policies Adopted by State’s Attorney in Baltimore Follow Other Like-Minded Prosecutors.” WBFF, 11 May 2021, foxbaltimore.com/features/operation-crime-justice/policies-adopted-by-states-attorney-in-baltimore-follow-other-like-minded-prosecutors. Accessed 10 Jan. 2025.

Lassahn, Phil. Interview with Lead Detective on Zach Sowers’ Investigation. 19 Feb. 2025.

Leckrone, Bennett. “An Estimated 85,000 Occupied Housing Units in Baltimore Have “Dangerous Lead Hazards,” Report Says – Maryland Matters.” Maryland Matters, 5 May 2022, marylandmatters.org/2022/05/05/an-estimated-85000-occupied-housing-units-in-baltimore-have-dangerous-lead-hazards-report-says/. Accessed 26 Jan. 2025.

Madigan, Nick, and Gus G. Sentementes. “Man Left in Coma after June Robbery Ends Fight for Life: A Long and Treacherous Battle.” The Baltimore Sun, 27 Mar. 2008. Accessed 14 Jan. 2025.

Montgomery, David. “Remember the Dawsons; after They Were Killed in an Arson, Their Names Are Evoked in Baltimore’s Battle Cry against Pushers. But Did They Die in Vain?” The Washington Post, 17 Nov. 2002. Accessed 5 Jan. 2025.

Office of Media Relations. “Criminologist’s Research Shows Genes Influence Criminal Behavior.” The University of Texas at Dallas, 24 Jan. 2012, news.utdallas.edu/faculty-staff/criminologists-research-shows-genes-influence-crim/. Accessed 16 Jan. 2025.

Pelton, Tom, et al. “Man Dies a Week after Fire at Home ; 2,000 at Viewing of Wife, 5 Children Killed in Arson.” The Baltimore Sun, 24 Oct. 2002. Accessed 6 Jan. 2025.

Robinson, Lisa. “Sunday Marks 20 Years since Firebombing That Killed Dawson Family.” WBAL, 14 Oct. 2022, www.wbaltv.com/article/dawson-family-baltimore-firebombing-firefighters-2002/41627110. Accessed 4 Jan. 2025.

Sentementes, Gus G. “Violence Hits Too close to Home: Attack Puts Newlywed in a Coma for a Watch and a Few Dollars; Confronting Crime / the Battle for Baltimore’s Future.” The Baltimore Sun, 4 Aug. 2007. Accessed 12 Jan. 2025.

Sentementes, Gus, and Liz F. Kay. “4 Arrested in Jne 2 Street Attack; Victim, 27, Remains in a Coma after Severe Beating, Robbery East of Patterson Park.” The Baltimore Sun, 12 June 2007. Accessed 7 Jan. 2025.

Smith, Ron. “In Jessamy Defeat, a Bittersweet Coda to the Sower Case.” The Baltimore Sun, 24 Sept. 2010. Accessed 7 Jan. 2025.

“Sowers’ Injuries Were Severe, Doctor Says.” Maryland Daily Record, 14 July 2008, thedailyrecord.com/2008/07/14/sowers-injuries-were-severe-doctor-says/. Accessed 14 Dec. 2024.

Stewart, Eric A., and Ronald L. Simons. “Race, Code of the Street, and Violent Delinquency: A Multilevel Investigation of Neighborhood Street Culture and Individual Norms of Violence.” Criminology, vol. 48, no. 2, May 2010, pp. 569–605, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3110733/, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2010.00196.x. Accessed 13 Jan. 2025.

“Teen Pleads Guilty in Sowers Beating Case.” WBAL, 11 Dec. 2007, www.wbaltv.com/article/teen-pleads-guilty-in-sowers-beating-case/7055834. Accessed 13 Jan. 2025.

“The History of Baltimore.” City of Baltimore Comprehensive Master Plan, City of Baltimore , www.baltimorecity.gov/sites/default/files/5_History.pdf. Accessed 10 Jan. 2025.

“The Mencken House.” The Mencken House, menckenhouse.org/. Accessed 11 Jan. 2025.

Thompson, M. Dion, et al. “`Scared to Speak Up’ against the Drug Trade ; Risk: The Fire That Killed Angela Dawson and Her Family Shows Why People Fear to Confront Criminals.” The Baltimore Sun, 20 Oct. 2002. Accessed 4 Jan. 2025.

Vozzella, Laura, and Heather Dewar. “After Arson, Neighbors Fight on ; Struggle: Against Grim Odds, the Oliver Community Tries to Move Forward in the Wake of the Drug-Related Killing Last Year of Seven Members of the Dawson Family.” The Baltimore Sun, 29 Aug. 2003. Accessed 3 Jan. 2025.

Vozzella, Laura, and Laurie Willis. “Man, 21, Charged in Fatal City Fire ; Police Say He Was Angry with Neighboring Family for Reporting Drug Activity; `This Is Terror, Too,’ Official Says; Outraged Lawmakers Seek to Call in State Police, Guard to Help Fight Crime.” The Baltimore Sun, 18 Oct. 2002. Accessed 14 Dec. 2024.

Wickham, DeWayne. “Two Good Reasons to Start Snitching .” Pacific Daily News, 10 June 2015, www.guampdn.com/opinion/two-good-reasons-to-start-snitching/article_aa246cb5-7d76-5294-93a6-60439876e258.html. Accessed 3 Jan. 2025.

Wilber, Del Quentin. “Recordings, Court Documents Show Dawson Family’s Battles ; 911, 311 Requests for Help Made One Month before Fire Show Fear, Frustration.” The Baltimore Sun, 17 Feb. 2003. Accessed 3 Jan. 2025.

Wllis, Laurie, and Laura Vozzella. “Suspect in Fire Skirted Probation ; State Officials Admit to Lax Oversight, Say He Could’ve Been Jailed; Man, 21, Is Denied Bail; Gas Likely Used to Start Blaze, Prosecutor Says; Federal Charges Weighed.” The Baltimore Sun, 19 Oct. 2002. Accessed 6 Jan. 2025.

The Baltimore Safety Handbook

Anderson, Elijah. “The Code of the Streets.” The Atlantic Monthly, May 1994, www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1994/05/the-code-of-the-streets/306601/. Accessed 14 Jan. 2025.

Ashwell, Alexa. “Witness in Murder Found Dead One Week before Trial, Accused Killer Released, Family Says.” WBFF, 9 Mar. 2023, foxbaltimore.com/newsletter-daily/witness-in-murder-found-dead-one-week-before-trial-accused-killer-released-family-says. Accessed 22 Jan. 2025.

Brown, Lawrence. “White “L” & the Black Butterfly, P. 8 of “This Is Baltimore. The Impact of Historical Structural Racism on Health.”” University of Maryland Medical School, www.medschool.umaryland.edu/media/som/departments/psychiatry-/documents/This-is-Baltimore.-His-Str-Rac-on-Hlth-23-Jul-20.pdf. Accessed 27 Jan. 2025.

Cassie, Ron. “Then and Now: Essay.” Baltimore Magazine, 20 May 2014, www.baltimoremagazine.com/section/historypolitics/then-and-now-essay/. Accessed 18 Mar. 2025.

“Clifton Park Better Waverly Barclay Coldstream Homestead Montebello East Baltimore Midway Ednor Gardens-Lakeside Oakenshawe Greenmount Cemetery Old Goucher.” Baltimore Neighborhoods Indicators Alliance, University of Baltimore, bniajfi.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/VS15-Midway-Profile-and-Map.pdf. Accessed 1 Feb. 2025.

Feeney, Matthew D. “The Convict Code.” American Prison Writing Archive, 2024, prisonwitness.org/apwa-essay/the-convict-code/. Accessed 31 Jan. 2025.

Grondowski, John M. “When Is It Okay to Steal?” Catholic Answers, 27 Jan. 2023, www.catholic.com/magazine/online-edition/when-is-it-okay-to-steal. Accessed 3 Feb. 2025.

Hacker, Chris, et al. “A “Coin Flip”: Nearly Half of U.S. Murders Go Unsolved as Cases Rise.” Www.cbsnews.com, CBS News, 29 June 2022, www.cbsnews.com/news/unsolved-murders-crime-without-punishment/. Accessed 1 Feb. 2025.

—. “Behind the Story: How CBS News Analyzed Homicide Solve Rates across the Country.” Cbsnews.com, CBS News, 29 June 2022, www.cbsnews.com/news/how-cbs-news-analyzed-homicide-solve-rates-across-the-country/. Accessed 1 Feb. 2025.

Heath, Brad. “Federal Prisoners Use Snitching for Personal Gain.” USA Today, 14 Dec. 2012, www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2012/12/14/jailhouse-informants-for-sale/1762013/. Accessed 7 Feb. 2025.

“How to Not Get Mugged: Best Practices.” Reddit.com, 20 Sept. 2023, www.reddit.com/r/oakland/comments/16nr03g/how_to_not_get_mugged_best_practices/. Accessed 31 Jan. 2025.

Mears, Daniel P., et al. “The Code of the Street and Inmate Violence: Investigating the Salience of Imported Belief Systems.” Criminology, vol. 51, no. 3, 21 June 2013, pp. 695–728, pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3779588/, https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12017. Accessed 1 Feb. 2025.

Mitchell, Meghan M. The Convict Code Revisited: An Examination of Prison Culture and Its Association with Violent Misconduct and Victimization. Sam Houston State University Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology , 2018, shsu-ir.tdl.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/7c9112ac-334b-4c0e-8cac-a409f08b945d/content. Accessed 31 Jan. 2025.

Mitchell, Meghan M., et al. “Culture in Prison, Culture on the Street: The Convergence between the Convict Code and Code of the Street.” Journal of Crime and Justice, 15 June 2020, www.researchgate.net/publication/342183304_Culture_in_Prison_Culture_on_the_Street_The_Convergence_between_the_Convict_Code_and_Code_of_the_Street. Accessed 1 Feb. 2025.

Mobley, Alan. “Garbage In, Garbage Out? Convict Criminology, the Convict Code, and Participatory Prison Reform.” Sage Publications, 2019, in.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upm-binaries/36068_23.pdf. Accessed 1 Feb. 2025.

no1memania. “What’s the Most Unsettling Place in Baltimore?” Reddit.com, 5 Sept. 2023, www.reddit.com/r/baltimore/comments/16b3so5/whats_the_most_unsettling_place_in_baltimore/. Accessed 22 May 2025.

“Poverty Rate in Baltimore, Maryland.” Www.welfareinfo.org, 2023, www.welfareinfo.org/poverty-rate/maryland/baltimore/.

Prison Policy Initiative. “Baltimore City CSAs Appendix – Where People in Prison Come from – Maryland (2020).” Prisonpolicy.org, 2020, www.prisonpolicy.org/origin/md/2020/baltimore_csa.html. Accessed 1 Feb. 2025.

—. “Where People in Prison Come From: The Geography of Mass Incarceration in Maryland.” Www.prisonpolicy.org, June 2022, www.prisonpolicy.org/origin/md/2020/report.html. Accessed 1 Feb. 2025.

Rsquared. “ How Do I Not Look like a Target for a Mugging? .” Reddit.com, 14 June 2012, www.reddit.com/r/washingtondc/comments/v1vex/how_do_i_not_look_like_a_target_for_a_mugging/. Accessed 31 Jan. 2025.

Rusk, David. “Concentrated Poverty – the Critical Mass.” D.C. Policy Center, Spring 2018, www.dcpolicycenter.org/publications/concentrated-poverty-critical-mass/. Accessed 27 Jan. 2025.

Williams, Erica. “Large Black-White Disparities in Poverty and Income Persisted in 2021.” DC Fiscal Policy Institute, 15 Sept. 2022, www.dcfpi.org/all/large-black-white-disparities-in-poverty-and-income-persisted-in-2021/. Accessed 27 Jan. 2025.

Baby Boy

USDOJ: US Attorney’s Office – District of Maryland. “Baltimore Armed Career Criminal Exiled to over 23 Years for Illegally Possessing a Gun Used in a Murder.” Justice.gov, 10 June 2011, www.justice.gov/archive/usao/md/news/2013/BaltimoreArmedCareerCriminalExiledToOver23YearsForIllegallyPossessingAGunUsedInAMurder.html. Accessed 30 Nov. 2024.

Wright, John Paul, et al. “Association of Prenatal and Childhood Blood Lead Concentrations with Criminal Arrests in Early Adulthood.” PLoS Medicine, vol. 5, no. 5, 27 May 2008, p. e101, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0050101.

Parachuting into a maelstrom

Ammenhauser, Erica. “Erica Ammenhauser.” Facebook.com, 2022, www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=61561870427557. Accessed 17 May 2025.

—. “Erica Ammenhauser.” Facebook.com, 2022, www.facebook.com/bmorebabygurlerica. Accessed 17 May 2025.

“Baltimore City’s Response to the Opioid Epidemic.” Baltimore City Health Department, 2024, health.baltimorecity.gov/opioid-overdose/baltimore-city-overdose-prevention-and-response-information. Accessed 9 May 2025.

“Baltimore Man Sentenced to Prison for Stealing over $175,000 in Social Security Benefits.” Justice.gov, 12 Aug. 2014, www.justice.gov/usao-md/pr/baltimore-man-sentenced-prison-stealing-over-175000-social-security-benefits. Accessed 14 Mar. 2025.

Harris, Melissa. “2 Plead Guilty in ’07 Assault: Fight near Fells Point Ended Later in Fatal Stabbing.” The Baltimore Sun, 11 June 2008, p. B7. Accessed 17 May 2025.

Hogan, Larry, et al. Unintentional Drug-and Alcohol-Related Intoxication Deaths in Maryland, 2019 Maryland Department of Health. 2020.

Kirven, Richard. “Case Number:112192028.” Maryland Judiciary Case Search, 10 July 2012, casesearch.courts.state.md.us/casesearch/inquiryDetail.jis?caseId=112192028&loc=69&detailLoc=ODYCRIM. Accessed 17 May 2025.

Locklear, Robin. Facebook.com, www.facebook.com/robin.locklear.169. Accessed 17 May 2025.

Myers, Ginger. “Ginger Myers.” Facebook.com, 2025, www.facebook.com/ginger.myers1. Accessed 17 May 2025.

Myers, Rosalie. “Rosalie Myers.” Facebook.com, 2022, www.facebook.com/rosalie.myers.984. Accessed 17 May 2025.

Pink, Saul, and Adriana Navarro. “Young Children Are Dying in Baltimore’s Unprecedented Overdose Crisis.” The Baltimore Banner, 20 Aug. 2024, www.thebaltimorebanner.com/community/public-health/young-children-overdose-DRHQLMEEUNH4PKSI3JEPGAIL5M/. Accessed 26 June 2025.

Wilis, Adam, and Alissa Zhu. “As Opioid Deaths Plague Baltimore, the City’s Strategy Is Silence.” The New York Times, 8 Aug. 2024.

Zhu, Alissa, et al. ““I Love You in the Sky, Daddy”: Stories from Baltimore’s Overdose Crisis.” The New York Times, 23 May 2024.

—. “Baltimore’s Unprecedented Overdose Crisis: 5 Takeaways.” The New York Times, 23 May 2024.

—. “How Baltimore Became the U.S. Overdose Capital.” The New York Times, 23 May 2024.

—. “They Entered Treatment. Drugs, Overdoses and Deaths Followed.” The New York Times, 20 Dec. 2024.

A steep price for an uphill bike ride

Amara, Kate. “Relatives of Baltimore Murder Victims Support Challenger in State’s Attorney’s Race.” WBAL, 6 June 2018, www.wbaltv.com/article/relatives-of-baltimore-murder-victims-support-challenger-in-states-attorneys-race/21100880. Accessed 16 Mar. 2025.

Ashwell, Alexa. “Man Charged in 2016 Murder as Juvenile Now Facing Attempted Murder Charge as Adult.” WBFF, 7 Mar. 2025, foxbaltimore.com/news/local/man-charged-in-2016-murder-as-juvenile-now-facing-attempted-murder-charge-as-adult. Accessed 16 Mar. 2025.

Baltimore Police Department. “Murder Arrests.” Facebook.com, 11 Jan. 2016, www.facebook.com/BaltimoreCityPolice/posts/murder-arrestswith-regard-to-the-stabbing-death-of-29-year-old-robert-ponsi-that/10153218164706956/. Accessed 16 Mar. 2025.

Baltimore Police Department -. “UPDATE #3 Third Arrest Made in Murder of Robert Ponsi.” Facebook.com, 12 Jan. 2016, www.facebook.com/58771761955/photos/a.277239856955.154351.58771761955/10153219979181956/?type=3&comment_id=10153220756541956&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R9%22%7D. Accessed 17 Mar. 2025.

“Baltimore Teen Accused in 2016 Killing of Bicyclist, Arrested Again.” AFRO American Newspapers, 3 May 2018, afro.com/baltimore-teen-accused-2016-killing-bicyclist-arrested/. Accessed 20 Jan. 2025.

Battaglia, J. Daquan Middleton v. State of Maryland. 28 Aug. 2018, www.mdcourts.gov/data/opinions/cosa/2018/0911s17.pdf. Accessed 16 Mar. 2025.

Berbert, Amy. “Stains on the Sidewalk (@Stainsonthesidewalk) • Instagram Photos and Videos.” Instagram.com, 31 Dec. 2018, www.instagram.com/stainsonthesidewalk/. Accessed 16 Mar. 2025.

Campbell, Colin. “Bicyclist, 29, Stabbed and Killed in Waverly: Two Teens Are Charged in Death of Robert Ponsi.” The Baltimore Sun, 11 Jan. 2016, p. A2.

CBS Baltimore. “Mother of Murdered Cyclist on Violent Juvenile Offenders: “They’re Barely Going to Get a Slap on the Wrist.”” WJZ, 26 Oct. 2018, www.cbsnews.com/baltimore/news/mother-of-murdered-cyclist-on-violent-juvenile-offenders-theyre-barely-going-to-get-a-slap-on-the-wrist/. Accessed 16 Mar. 2025.

“City’s Charm and History Are Also Accessible with a Little Footwork.” The Baltimore Sun, 5 July 1988. Accessed 24 Dec. 2024.

Cops Court and Community. “Baltimore Murder Suspects Wanted in the Killing of Robert Ponsi | Homicide Briefing.” YouTube, 11 Jan. 2016, www.youtube.com/watch?v=O_aLdvwIgK8. Accessed 17 Mar. 2025.

Dion, Arnold. “For Rob.” Arnolddion’s Blog, 13 Sept. 2017, arnolddion.wordpress.com/2017/09/13/for-rob/. Accessed 4 June 2025.

Fenton, Justin. “Baltimore Teens Convicted in Fatal Attack on Cyclist, Acquitted of Murder Charges.” The Baltimore Sun, 28 Nov. 2016, www.baltimoresun.com/2016/11/28/baltimore-teens-convicted-in-fatal-attack-on-cyclist-acquitted-of-murder-charges/. Accessed 20 Jan. 2025.

—. “Mothers Try to Make Sense of Waverly Stabbing Death.” The Baltimore Sun, 13 Jan. 2016, p. A1. Accessed 16 Mar. 2025.

—. “Youngest Suspect Removed from Trial .” The Baltimore Sun, 22 Nov. 2016, digitaledition.baltimoresun.com/tribune/article_popover.aspx?guid=92df3f9a-19fd-42d4-90ad-68ef6a1341db. Accessed 20 Jan. 2025.

Fox, James. Teenage Males Are Committing Murder at an Increasing Rate. National Center for Juvenile Justice , 18 Apr. 1993, www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/151569NCJRS.pdf. Accessed 28 Dec. 2024.

Hawley, Catherine. “Third Teen Arrested in Stabbing of Bicyclist.” WMAR 2 News Baltimore, 13 Jan. 2016, www.wmar2news.com/news/crime-checker/baltimore-city-crime/third-teen-arrested-for-murdering-waverly-man-riding-his-bike-home-from-work. Accessed 16 Mar. 2025.

Kersey, Paul. “His Name Is Robbie Ponsi: Multiple Blacks Murder White Bicyclist in Baltimore.” The Unz Review, 16 Jan. 2016, www.unz.com/sbpdl/his-name-is-robbie-ponsi-multiple/. Accessed 7 Dec. 2024.

Lettis, George. “Bicyclist Attacked on Guilford Avenue in Baltimore.” WBAL, 14 Apr. 2014, www.wbaltv.com/article/bicyclist-attacked-on-guilford-avenue-in-baltimore/7086430. Accessed 14 Dec. 2024.

McCauley, Mary Carole. “Where They Breathed Their Last; UMBC Student Amy Berbert Photographs Site of Each 2016 Baltimore Homicide in “Stains on the Sidewalk” Project.” The Baltimore Sun, 21 May 2017, p. E1.

Michael Starion. “Attacked on Guilford Bike Route.” YouTube, 13 Apr. 2014, www.youtube.com/watch?v=dNRDETfMJPI. Accessed 14 Dec. 2024.

“Mother of Murdered Cyclist on Violent Juvenile Offenders: “They’re Barely Going to Get a Slap on the Wrist.”” Cbsnews.com, CBS Baltimore, 26 Oct. 2018, www.cbsnews.com/baltimore/news/mother-of-murdered-cyclist-on-violent-juvenile-offenders-theyre-barely-going-to-get-a-slap-on-the-wrist/. Accessed 14 Dec. 2024.

Newport, Kyle. “Orioles Hit 2 Grand Slams during 10-Run Inning vs. Royals.” Bleacher Report, 12 Sept. 2015, bleacherreport.com/articles/2565447-orioles-hit-2-grand-slams-during-10-run-inning-vs-royals. Accessed 29 Dec. 2024.

Orman, Shelley. “Mother Asks, “Why?” at Vigil for Man Killed by Teens Days before His Birthday.” WBFF, 12 Jan. 2016, foxbaltimore.com/news/local/mother-asks-why-at-vigil-for-man-killed-by-teens-days-before-his-birthday. Accessed 20 Jan. 2025.

Ponsi, Robert. “ It Was One Year Ago Tonight, at 9:00 PM, That Robbie, on His Way Home from Work, Was Attacked, Beat Up, Repeatedly Stabbed and Left to Die.” Facebook.com, 2017, www.facebook.com/Ponsi2/posts/pfbid0mH4gcQVE5jGzmKm5KF2aPLFy68TmpaG8HFNzwF2E1LXKtzXQcofDLm3m5SVyUKMTl. Accessed 27 Mar. 2025.

Reed, Kai. “Family, Friends Remember Baltimore Stabbing Victim.” WBAL, 13 Jan. 2016, www.wbaltv.com/article/family-friends-remember-baltimore-stabbing-victim/7098250. Accessed 20 Jan. 2025.

Rydell, John. “Teens Charged as Adults in “Senseless Murder” of Bicyclist.” WBFF, 12 Jan. 2016, foxbaltimore.com/news/local/teens-charged-as-adults-in-senseless-murder-of-bicyclist. Accessed 16 Mar. 2025.

Sager, Jessica. “Sharon Tate’s Death: The Details of the Actress’s Tragic 1969 Murder and How It Changed Hollywood Forever.” People.com, 24 Aug. 2024, people.com/sharon-tate-death-legacy-what-to-know-8666851. Accessed 19 May 2025.

Solarino, Biagio, et al. “A Multidisciplinary Approach in Overkill: Analysis of 13 Cases and Review of the Literature.” Forensic Science International, vol. 298, May 2019, pp. 402–407, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0379073819301070, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.03.029.

The Chop. “Baltimore’s Cyclist Assaults Are Motivated by Race, Class | the Baltimore Chop.” Thebaltimorechop.com, 18 Apr. 2014, thebaltimorechop.com/2014/04/18/baltimores-cyclist-assaults-are-motivated-by-race-class/. Accessed 14 Dec. 2024.

WBAL-TV 11 Baltimore. “Bicyclist’s Killing Suspects Called “Enormous Threats.”” YouTube, 12 Jan. 2016, www.youtube.com/watch?v=pXm2mNBFBC8. Accessed 17 Mar. 2025.

—. “Police Search for More Suspects in Bicyclist’s Killing.” YouTube, 11 Jan. 2016, www.youtube.com/watch?v=rwj_cX0OByM. Accessed 17 Mar. 2025.

WJZ. “More Arrests in Brutal Murder of Man Riding Bike.” YouTube, 13 Jan. 2016, www.youtube.com/watch?v=u-CBSuTboCY. Accessed 17 Mar. 2025.

WMAR Staff. “Teens to Be Sentenced in Deadly Attack on Cyclist Robert Ponsi.” WMAR 2 News Baltimore, 6 Feb. 2017, www.wmar2news.com/news/crime-checker/baltimore-city-crime/teens-to-be-sentenced-in-deadly-attack-on-cyclist-robert-ponsi. Accessed 20 Jan. 2025.

WMAR-2 News. “Vigil Tonight for the Bicyclist Stabbed to Death in Waverly.” YouTube, 12 Jan. 2016, www.youtube.com/watch?v=EVGoD6ToWuM. Accessed 17 Mar. 2025.

Young, Blair. “3 Men Convicted in Connection with Gang Activity, Sebastian Dvorak’s Slaying.” WBAL, 30 Aug. 2019, www.wbaltv.com/article/3-men-convicted-in-connection-with-gang-activity-sebastian-dvoraks-slaying-baltimore/28872974. Accessed 22 Jan. 2025.

When a neighbor wins the lottery

Abadi, Mark. “20 Lottery Winners Who Lost Every Penny.” Business Insider, 21 Mar. 2019, www.businessinsider.com/lottery-winners-lost-everything-2017-8. Accessed 27 Feb. 2025.

Agarwal, Sumit, et al. “Peers’ Income and Financial Distress: Evidence from Lottery Winners and Neighboring Bankruptcies.” Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, Oct. 2018, www.philadelphiafed.org/-/media/frbp/assets/working-papers/2018/wp18-22.pdf. Accessed 27 Feb. 2025.

Anderson, Gordon T. “Lotteries Are Minting Mega-Millionaires – Jul. 10, 2003.” Cnn.com, 10 July 2003, money.cnn.com/2003/07/02/pf/saving/lottery_winners/. Accessed 26 Feb. 2025.

Associated Press. “Are Lottery Jackpots That Surpass $1 Billion the New Normal?” FOX 2, 27 Dec. 2024, fox2now.com/news/national/are-lottery-jackpots-that-surpass-1-billion-the-new-normal/. Accessed 27 Feb. 2025.

ASU News. “John Lennon (Limited Edition) Steinway Piano Donation to ASU: Arizona State University (ASU).” YouTube, 22 Feb. 2022, www.youtube.com/watch?v=MLRtOof4zQ8. Accessed 26 Feb. 2025.

Baltimore County Police Department Incident Report 142220321. 10 Aug. 2014.

“Baltimore Parishioner’s Prayer Answered with $112.8 Million Win.” Freerepublic.com, 16 July 2003, freerepublic.com/focus/f-religion/947500/posts. Accessed 11 Feb. 2025.

Bennett, Adam, and Chris Kitching. “A Man Who Won a £108m EuroMillions Jackpot Has Infuriated His Neighbours.” The Mirror, 17 Nov. 2016, www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/euromillions-winner-angers-neighbours-after-9276849. Accessed 27 Feb. 2025.

“Bernadette Gietka: Death Notice.” The Baltimore Sun, 13 Aug. 2014. Accessed 12 Feb. 2025.

“Bernard Gietka Obituary (2006) – Baltimore, MD – Baltimore Sun.” Legacy.com, 19 Aug. 2006, www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/baltimoresun/name/bernard-gietka-obituary?id=26324528. Accessed 24 Jan. 2025.

“Board of Director Biographies: Dori Bishop Kelso, CPA.” Umms.org, University of Maryland Medical System, 2025, www.umms.org/about/leadership/board/bios. Accessed 19 Feb. 2025.

Botelho, Greg, and Chandler Friedman. “Illinois Man Killed by Cyanide Poisoning after Striking It Rich in Lottery.” CNN, 8 Jan. 2013, www.cnn.com/2013/01/07/justice/illinois-lottery-death/index.html. Accessed 27 Feb. 2025.

Campbell, Karen. “Maryland Lottery Winners over the Years.” WBFF, 9 Jan. 2016, foxbaltimore.com/news/local/maryland-lottery-winners-over-the-years. Accessed 24 Jan. 2025.

Carter, Bill. “Late at Night, That’s NBC Crowing.” The New York Times, 3 Nov. 2003, p. C1.

Chloe Whelan. “Lotto Winner Who Won Almost $200M a Decade Ago Angers Neighbors by Planning Another Celebratory Festival.” New York Post, 31 Aug. 2023, nypost.com/2023/07/31/lotto-winner-who-won-100m-angers-neighbors-with-festival/. Accessed 27 Feb. 2025.

CNN.com – Transcripts. “Bernadette Gietka, a Part-Time Letter Carrier and a Single Woman from Suburban Baltimore, Came Forward Today to Claim a $76 Million Jackpot.” Cnn.com, 2 July 2003, transcripts.cnn.com/show/se/date/2003-07-02/segment/15. Accessed 26 Feb. 2025.

Cost, Ben. “$30 Million Lottery Winner Doesn’t Tell Family Fearing They’ll Get Lazy.” New York Post, 1 Nov. 2022, nypost.com/2022/11/01/why-a-30-million-lotto-winner-kept-win-secret-from-family/. Accessed 27 Feb. 2025.

Dean, Grace. “A Man Who Won $30 Million on the Chinese Lottery Says He’ll Keep It Secret from His Wife and Child in Case It Makes Them Lazy.” Yahoo News, 2 Nov. 2022, www.yahoo.com/news/man-won-30-million-chinese-114148832.html. Accessed 27 Feb. 2025.

Dillon, Tim. “ Tim Dillon’s Hilarious Roast of Disney Adults .” YouTube.com, Tucker Carlson Network, 12 Feb. 2025, youtu.be/K-5_oblo0Og?si=TXywHA2SASajncG2. Accessed 15 Feb. 2025.

Dr. Phil. “My Husband’s Big Lottery Win Is Ruining Our Marriage | FULL EPISODE | Dr. Phil.” YouTube, 11 Aug. 2024, www.youtube.com/watch?v=V7doxEyN7f8. Accessed 26 Feb. 2025.

Dunlap, Keith. “Rip up the Winning Ticket? 5 Reasons Why Winning Lottery Can Destroy Lives.” WJXT, Digital Content Team, Graham Media Group, 14 July 2023, www.news4jax.com/features/2023/01/12/rip-up-the-winning-ticket-5-reasons-why-winning-lottery-can-destroy-lives/. Accessed 27 Feb. 2025.

Eichler-Levine, Jodi. “Opinion | the Disney Bride and Groom Acted Terribly. Don’t Blame All Disney Adults.” NBC News, 9 June 2022, www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/disney-bride-groom-draw-twitter-hate-disney-adults-not-bad-rcna32851. Accessed 15 Feb. 2025.

Faller, Mary Beth. “Limited-Edition “Imagine” Grand Piano Donated to Popular Music Program | DISRUPT | Herberger Institute for Design and the Arts.” DISRUPT | Issue 7, Herberger Institute for Design and the Arts, 3 Aug. 2022, disrupt.asu.edu/article/limited-edition-imagine-grand-piano-donated-to-popular-music-program/. Accessed 12 Feb. 2025.

Gietka, Catherine. Mother of $183 Million Winner. Xlibris Publishing, 2008.

Gietka, Jerry. I like Me Now: A Memoir. Gatekeeper Press, 2021.

—. “Updated Pix of 201.” Apr. 2015. Additional personal communications on Aug 18, 2014; Dec. 5, 2013; Aug. 18, 2013; and July 16, 2013.

Hanburycross. “Top of the Morning Highlights with Jerry Gietka.” YouTube, 11 Oct. 2021, www.youtube.com/watch?v=QGL7-p_8DH8. Accessed 19 Feb. 2025.

Hancock, Jay. “Advice to Powerball Winners: Keep Quiet.” The Baltimore Sun, 13 Sept. 2011. Accessed 12 Feb. 2025.

Henley, Nadine. “The Healthy vs the Empty Self.” M/c Journal, vol. 5, no. 5, 1 Oct. 2002, journal.media-culture.org.au/mcjournal/article/view/1987, https://doi.org/10.5204/mcj.1987. Accessed 12 Feb. 2025.

Hernandez, Nelson. “Lucky Woman in the Limelight.” The Washington Post, 3 July 2003, www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2003/07/03/lucky-woman-in-the-limelight/18666ba4-ba11-4ad4-85ba-96d749a2a253/. Accessed 22 Feb. 2025.

Jacobson, Joan. Receivership: The Key Strategy in Baltimore’s Fight against Vacants. Abell Foundation, 2015.

Kobell, Rona, and Linda Linley. “A Smile Worth Millions; Part-Time Worker, Full-Time Wealth; Mega Millions: Richer by $112 Million, a Letter Carrier Broadens Her Dreams and Literary Ambitions.” The Baltimore Sun, 3 July 2003. Accessed 24 Jan. 2025.

Krauss Real Property Brokerage. “Springmeade Manor • 14921 Old York Rd • Phoenix • Maryland.” www.youtube.com/shorts/vC9CO26IBy0. Accessed 18 Feb. 2025.

L.A. Times Archives. “$183-Million Jackpot Is as Easy as 1, 2, 3.” Los Angeles Times, 3 July 2003, www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-jul-03-na-briefs3.1-story.html. Accessed 26 Feb. 2025.

Lane-Kunz, Renée S. “Bid on 201 S. Ann St.” 21 Aug. 2014. Additional correspondence on May 21, 2014; Feb. 21, 2014; Feb. 17, 2014; Feb. 6, 2014.

Lottery Post Staff. “$183M Maryland Lottery Winner Resurfaces.” Lottery Post, 1 Aug. 2010, www.lotterypost.com/news/218293. Accessed 25 Jan. 2025.

“Maryland Governor Robert L. Ehrlich, Jr. ~ 2003 Press Release ~ Lottery Winner.” Maryland.gov, 2 July 2003, msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc5300/sc5339/000113/001000/001015/unrestricted/20052004e.html. Accessed 25 Jan. 2025.

“Maryland Lottery:  Top Jackpot Winners.” Mdlottery.com, 2025, www.mdlottery.com/winners/top-jackpot-winners/. Accessed 24 Feb. 2025.

“Maryland Mega Millions Jackpot Winners.” Portalseven.com, 2015, portalseven.com/lottery/megamillions_jackpot_winners.jsp?state=Maryland. Accessed 25 Jan. 2025.

Maryland Register of Wills. Last Will and Testament of Bernadette M. Gietka, Estate Number: 179731. 13 Dec. 2006.

Matysek, George P. “Mega Millions Winner Sponsors Villa Regina Academy Reunion – Catholic Review.” Catholic Review, 26 Sept. 2008, catholicreview.org/mega-millions-winner-sponsors-villa-regina-academy-reunion/. Accessed 26 Feb. 2025.

Matysek, George P. “$112.8 Million Mega Miracle.” Catholic Review, 15 July 2003, catholicreview.org/112-8-million-mega-miracle/. Accessed 24 Jan. 2025.

Michael Martin. “Despite Billion-Dollar Jackpots, Critics Say the Lottery Is a Losing Game.” NPR, 21 Jan. 2023, www.npr.org/transcripts/1150503884. Accessed 27 Feb. 2025.

National Pro Life Radio. “March for LIfe 2009 Paul Schenck Interviews Burnadette Gietka.” YouTube, 24 Jan. 2009, www.youtube.com/watch?v=6mkCz9N88ns. Accessed 19 Feb. 2025.

“NPR Reports on Baltimore’s Vacants to Value – Vacant Property Research Network.” Vacantpropertyresearch.com, 15 Oct. 2012, vacantpropertyresearch.com/2012/10/15/nprbaltimores-vacants-to-value/. Accessed 9 Feb. 2025.

“Percentage of Residential Properties That Are Vacant and Abandoned.” Arcgis.com, 2025, hub.arcgis.com/datasets/bniajfi::percentage-of-residential-properties-that-are-vacant-and-abandoned-1/explore?layer=1&showTable=true. Accessed 11 Feb. 2025.

PSO Transformation Plan Perkins Homes. Housing Authority of Baltimore City, 2021.

Reeves, Robert A., et al. “Celebrity Worship, Materialism, Compulsive Buying, and the Empty Self.” Psychology & Marketing, vol. 29, no. 9, 28 Aug. 2012, pp. 674–679, onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mar.20553, https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.20553. Accessed 12 Feb. 2025.

Reilly, Deirdre. “Lottery Is “Predatory” toward the Poor, Activist Claims: “It’s a Con” .” New York Post, 17 Jan. 2023, nypost.com/2023/01/17/the-lottery-is-predatory-to-the-poor-les-bernal/. Accessed 27 Feb. 2025.

RivalxGames. “ Have You Ever Actually Met/ Know Someone Who Has Won the Lottery? What Happened to Them? .” Reddit.com, 21 Feb. 2023, www.reddit.com/r/AskReddit/comments/118ii2t/have_you_ever_actually_met_know_someone_who_has/. Accessed 27 Feb. 2025.

Ruszala, Tina. “Vandalism @ 201 Ann?” 5 Dec. 2013. Additional emails Nov. 24, 2013; Sept. 29, 2013; Aug. 28, 2013; Aug. 21, 2013.

Staff, Catholic Review. “Lotto-Winning Philanthropist Bernadette Gietka Dies at 65 – Catholic Review.” Catholic Review, 11 Aug. 2014, catholicreview.org/lotto-winning-philanthropist-bernadette-gietka-dies-at-65/. Accessed 24 Jan. 2025.

“Steinway  “Imagine”, John Lennon.” Steinway.com, 2024, eu.steinway.com/en/pianos/steinway-limited-editions/john-lennon/. Accessed 12 Feb. 2025.

Stephens, Adranisha. “Horse Play – Baltimore Style.” Baltimore Style, 2 Apr. 2019, www.baltimorestyle.com/horsefarmtour/. Accessed 25 Jan. 2025.

Stuckey, Tom. “Part-Time Letter Carrier Wins Lottery Jackpot.” Las Vegas Sun, 3 July 2003, lasvegassun.com/news/2003/jul/03/part-time-letter-carrier-wins-lottery-jackpot/. Accessed 15 Feb. 2025.

Tait, Amelia. “The “Disney Adult” Industrial Complex.” New Statesman, 24 Feb. 2024, www.newstatesman.com/culture/2024/02/disney-adult-superfan-industrial-complex. Accessed 15 Feb. 2025.

“Thank You, Bernadette Gietka, for Your Many Contributions to Baltimore-Area Parishes and Schools. Your Generosity Will Be Missed.” Facebook, 11 Aug. 2014. Accessed 26 Feb. 2025.

Watchyousuffer. “Advice on Row Homes?” Reddit.com, 22 June 2020, www.reddit.com/r/homeowners/comments/he0r0c/advice_on_row_homes/. Accessed 1 Mar. 2025.

“Winner Claims Mega Millions Pot.” Washington Times, 2 July 2003. Accessed 12 Feb. 2025.

Zipperle, Scott. “2009 March for Life – March for Life.” March for Life, 25 Mar. 2013, marchforlife.org/2009-march-for-life/. Accessed 19 Feb. 2025.

Life in a permanent construction zone

Hohenadel, Kristen. “Designers Say These 5 Paint Colors Are Overused — Here’s What to Try Instead.” The Spruce, 2025, www.thespruce.com/most-overused-paint-colors-11763093. Accessed 8 Sept. 2025.

Mir, Mostafa, et al. “Construction Noise Effects on Human Health: Evidence from Physiological Measures.” Sustainable Cities and Society, vol. 91, Feb. 2023, p. 104470, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2210670723000811, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2023.104470.

Mulvey, Kelsey. “We Asked 3 Designers If This Controversial Kitchen Feature Is out — and They All Basically Said the Same Thing.” Apartment Therapy, 6 Dec. 2024, www.apartmenttherapy.com/pot-fillers-design-trend-37443473. Accessed 8 Sept. 2025.

Saric, Tanja. “Improving Noise Pollution with Sound Dampening Panels.” Shaver Industries, 14 Jan. 2025, shaverinc.com/blogs/noise-pollution-how-to-control-noise-in-a-construction-site/.

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Beneath the surface at Under Armour

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Stephen, Kim, Marilyn and Freddie

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Swift, Tim. “Roland Park Residents Confront Marilyn Mosby at Tense Community Meeting.” WBFF, 7 Apr. 2022, foxbaltimore.com/news/local/roland-park-residents-confront-marilyn-mosby-at-tense-community-meeting. Accessed 15 Mar. 2025.

“University Mourns Killing of Research Technologist Stephen Pitcairn, 23 : Gazette Archives.” Jhu.edu, The JHU Gazette, 2 Aug. 2010, gazette.jhu.edu/2010/08/02/university-mourns-killing-of-research-technologist-stephen-pitcairn-23/. Accessed 15 Dec. 2024.

Vaughn, Joshua. “The Pandemic Prompted Marilyn Mosby to Stop Prosecuting Low-Level Crimes. Will Other D.A.s Follow?” The Appeal, 12 Apr. 2021, theappeal.org/the-pandemic-prompted-marilyn-mosby-to-stop-prosecuting-low-level-crimes-will-other-d-a-s-follow/. Accessed 15 Mar. 2025.

“Wagner v. State.” VLex, 2017, case-law.vlex.com/vid/wagner-v-state-no-895757716. Accessed 12 Mar. 2025.

“Wagner v. State, 213 Md. App. 419 | Md. Ct. Spec. App., Judgment, Law, Casemine.com.” Casemine, 4 Sept. 2011, www.casemine.com/judgement/us/5914ae54add7b04934746e31. Accessed 13 Mar. 2025.

WeeLeigh. “TONIGHT- in Response to Resident Concerns Regarding Recent Violence Commissioner Batts and Mayor SRB to Hold a Community Meeting.” Reddit.com, 12 Feb. 2014, www.reddit.com/r/baltimore/comments/1xqh3l/tonight_in_response_to_resident_concerns/. Accessed 14 Mar. 2025.

Counting the Outliers

Albert, Jessica. “Elderly Man Violently Attacked in Fells Point “Shouldn’t Be Dead,” Wife Says.” CBS Baltimore, 20 Aug. 2024, www.cbsnews.com/baltimore/news/elderly-man-violently-attacked-in-fells-point-shouldnt-be-dead-wife-says/. Accessed 31 Mar. 2025.

Amara, Kate. “Relatives of Baltimore Murder Victims Support Challenger in State’s Attorney’s Race.” WBAL, 6 June 2018, www.wbaltv.com/article/relatives-of-baltimore-murder-victims-support-challenger-in-states-attorneys-race/21100880. Accessed 20 Jan. 2025.

Anderson, Jessica. “Baltimore Police Investigating Fatal Shooting of Local Tattoo Shop Employee in Fells Point.” The Baltimore Sun, 19 Dec. 2017.

—. “Man Is Suspect in Homicide, Robberies – Baltimore Sun.” Baltimoresun.com, The Baltimore Sun, 11 Oct. 2018, digitaledition.baltimoresun.com/tribune/article_popover.aspx?guid=7df94dd1-7c23-4824-a22b-4cf030af80cd. Accessed 22 Jan. 2025.

—. “New Jersey Family Visiting Inner Harbor Assaulted by Group of Juveniles, Police Say.” The Baltimore Sun, 31 Oct. 2017.

Anderson, Jessica, and Justin Fenton. “25-Year-Old Man Fatally Shot in South Baltimore; He Had Spoken out about Armed Robbery Last Year.” The Baltimore Sun, 28 Sept. 2018, www.baltimoresun.com/2018/09/28/25-year-old-man-fatally-shot-in-south-baltimore-he-had-spoken-out-about-armed-robbery-last-year/. Accessed 22 Mar. 2025.

Ashwell, Alexa. “Arrest Made in Federal Hill Murder of Pasadena Teen.” WBFF, 26 Nov. 2024, foxbaltimore.com/news/local/arrest-made-in-federal-hill-murder-of-pasadena-teen. Accessed 16 Dec. 2024.

“Aysha  Dawn Ring Obituary 2008.” Hayworth – Miller Funeral Homes & Crematory, 22 Nov. 2008, www.hayworth-miller.com/obituaries/aysha-ring. Accessed 27 Mar. 2025.

“Baltimore City Homicides: All since 2007: White Victim.” The Baltimore Sun, 12 Dec. 2024, homicides.news.baltimoresun.com/?range=all&race=white. Accessed 13 Dec. 2024.

“Baltimore Crime : April 2.” Blogspot.com, 2 Apr. 2008, baltimorecrime.blogspot.com/2008/04/april-2.html. Accessed 14 Dec. 2024.

Baltimore Mayor’s Office. Mayor Scott, City of Baltimore Mark Historic Violence Reductions. 8 Jan. 2025, mayor.baltimorecity.gov/news/press-releases/2025-01-08-mayor-scott-city-baltimore-mark-historic-violence-reductions. Accessed 2 Apr. 2025.

Bartolotta, Devin. “Police Investigating Murder of 97-Year-Old Man.” CBS Baltimore, 23 July 2017, www.cbsnews.com/baltimore/news/elderly-man-murder/. Accessed 20 Mar. 2025.

“Bass v. State, No. 2588 | Casetext Search + Citator.” Casetext.com, 28 Nov. 2016, casetext.com/case/bass-v-state-309. Accessed 20 Mar. 2025.

Bates, Ivan J. “State’s Attorney Issues Statement on Guilty Plea in Fatal Fells Point Attack.” The Baltimore City State’s Attorney’s Office, 13 Mar. 2025, www.stattorney.org/media-center/press-releases/3044-state-s-attorney-issues-statement-on-guilty-plea-in-fatal-fells-point-attack. Accessed 22 Mar. 2025.

Battiata, Mary. “Jury Awards Falwell $200,000 Damages.” The Washington Post, 9 Dec. 1984, www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1984/12/09/jury-awards-falwell-200000-damages/ef270727-2209-4b6f-a0d9-e2f1222054dc/. Accessed 1 Apr. 2025.

Bazos, Racquel. “Man Accused of Fatally Stabbing Senior in 2016 Now Found Competent – Baltimore Witness.” Baltimore Witness, 12 Jan. 2024, baltimorewitness.org/jl-man-accused-of-fatally-stabbing-senior-in-2016-now-found-competent/. Accessed 20 Mar. 2025.

Bidgood, Jess. “The Numbers behind Baltimore’s Record Year in Homicides.” The New York Times, 15 Jan. 2016, www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/01/14/us/Baltimore-homicides-record.html. Accessed 20 Mar. 2025.

Bishop, Tricia. “St. Patrick’s Day Attackers Plead Guilty in Beating.” The Baltimore Sun, 10 July 2012, p. A4.

Breneman, John. “Scholar, Former Hampton Man Shot in Baltimore.” Portsmouth Herald, 25 Sept. 2012, www.seacoastonline.com/story/news/local/hampton-union/2012/09/25/scholar-former-hampton-man-shot/49391128007/. Accessed 21 Mar. 2025.

Cairns, Kathleen. “Mother of Morgan State Student Fatally Stabbed in the Street Pleads for Answers.” WBFF, 8 Feb. 2017, foxbaltimore.com/news/local/mother-of-morgan-state-student-fatally-stabbed-in-the-street-pleads-for-answers. Accessed 31 Mar. 2025.

Campbell, Colin, et al. ““I Don’t Understand What Made Him Snap”: Victim, Suspect Identified in Baltimore Methadone Clinic Shooting.” The Baltimore Sun, 16 July 2019, www.baltimoresun.com/2019/07/16/i-dont-understand-what-made-him-snap-victim-suspect-identified-in-baltimore-methadone-clinic-shooting/. Accessed 31 Mar. 2025.

—. “13 Indicated on Gang Charges, Including 2017 Killing of Bartender Sebastian Dvorak in Canton.” The Baltimore Sun, 28 Aug. 2018.

Cassie, Ron. “Has the Ship Sailed for Baltimore’s Harborplace? | Published 2021.” Baltimore Magazine, 11 Aug. 2021, www.baltimoremagazine.com/section/businessdevelopment/harborplace-inner-harbor-history-and-future-can-twin-pavilions-still-thrive/. Accessed 24 Mar. 2025.

Catholic Review. “Park Volunteer Makes Giving Back a Weekly Priority – Archdiocese of Baltimore.” Archdiocese of Baltimore, 22 Nov. 2013, www.archbalt.org/park-volunteer-makes-giving-back-a-weekly-priority/?fbclid=IwAR3A3SPCsg59G2DE7suhHx6dYcukF8Y5_wL-c25gYcbFzARpzf4yzR2xrME. Accessed 30 Mar. 2025.

CBS Baltimore. ““This Should Be the Gem of Downtown” | Harborplace Put into Receivership, Opens Door for Potential New Owner.” Cbsnews.com, 4 June 2019, www.cbsnews.com/baltimore/news/harborplace-put-into-receivership/. Accessed 24 Mar. 2025.

—. “Baltimore Police: Public Enemy No. 1 Arrested after Tip.” Cbsnews.com, 9 Dec. 2016, www.cbsnews.com/baltimore/news/police-public-enemy-1-arrested-after-tip-victim-was-from-europe/. Accessed 21 Mar. 2025.

—. “Community Remembers Manuel Luis, Morgan State Student Fatally Shot during Attempted Robbery.” Cbsnews.com, 12 July 2019, www.cbsnews.com/baltimore/news/manuel-luis-morgan-state-university-shooting-victim-remembered/. Accessed 20 Mar. 2025.

—. “Family of July 4th Murder Victim Speaks Out; 4-Year-Old Released from Hospital.” Cbsnews.com, 6 July 2011, www.cbsnews.com/baltimore/news/police-look-for-leads-in-4th-of-july-violence/. Accessed 13 Dec. 2024.

—. “Family of Man Murdered in Baltimore Clinic Shooting Says He Had Safety Concerns.” Cbsnews.com, 17 July 2019, www.cbsnews.com/baltimore/news/methadone-clinic-shooting-latest/. Accessed 20 Mar. 2025.

—. “First-Degree Murder Charges Dropped in July 4th Inner Harbor Fight.” Cbsnews.com, 14 July 2011, www.cbsnews.com/baltimore/news/1st-degree-murder-charges-dropped-in-july-4th-inner-harbor-fight/. Accessed 25 Mar. 2025.

—. “Funeral Held for Murdered Morgan State Student.” Cbsnews.com, 31 Dec. 2017, www.cbsnews.com/baltimore/news/jonathan-tobash-funeral/. Accessed 20 Mar. 2025.

—. “Man Killed in Robbery Attempt Vowed to Fight Back amid Recent Crime Wave.” Cbsnews.com, 14 Nov. 2017, www.cbsnews.com/baltimore/news/locust-point-fatal-shooting/. Accessed 22 Mar. 2025.

—. “Man Turns Himself in for Fatal Stabbing on July 4.” Cbsnews.com, 9 July 2011, www.cbsnews.com/baltimore/news/man-turns-himself-in-for-fatal-stabbing-on-july-4/. Accessed 24 Mar. 2025.

—. “Morgan State Grad Student & Boyfriend Found Shot in Head in Burning Car.” Cbsnews.com, CBS Baltimore, 27 Feb. 2013, www.cbsnews.com/baltimore/news/morgan-state-grad-student-found-shot-in-head-in-burning-car/. Accessed 24 Mar. 2025.

—. “NJ Family Visiting Baltimore Haunted by Random Teen Attack at Inner Harbor.” Cbsnews.com, CBS Baltimore, 30 Oct. 2017, www.cbsnews.com/baltimore/news/teen-attack-inner-harbor/. Accessed 24 Mar. 2025.

Clark, Tommie. “Family of Man Killed during Canton Carjacking Calls for Justice.” WBAL, 21 Aug. 2023, www.wbaltv.com/article/canton-carjacking-man-killed-shooting-darrel-benner-baltimore/44861341. Accessed 22 Mar. 2025.

Connelly Funeral Home. Official Obituary of Julien “Rico” R. Rosaly. 2019, www.connellyfuneralhome.com/obituary/JulienRico-Rosaly. Accessed 26 Mar. 2025.

“Crime/Safety Concerns for Patterson Park/Highlandtown (Baltimore: Real Estate, Apartment) – Maryland (MD) –  City-Data Forum.” City-Data.com, 24 Feb. 2013, www.city-data.com/forum/baltimore/1804620-crime-safety-concerns-patterson-park-highlandtown.html. Accessed 14 Dec. 2024.

Crimesider Staff. “Dr. Peter Marvit Murder: Surveillance Video Captures Persons of Interest in Baltimore Researcher’s Slaying.” Cbsnews.com, CBS News, 16 Oct. 2012, www.cbsnews.com/news/dr-peter-marvit-murder-surveillance-video-captures-persons-of-interest-in-baltimore-researchers-slaying/. Accessed 26 Dec. 2024.

Crouch Funeral Home, P.A. Obituary for Carl Wade Bodine. CFS, 5 July 2024, www.crouchfuneralhome.com/obituary/Carl-Wade-Bodine. Accessed 31 Mar. 2025.

Daily Mail. “Shocking Video of Tourist Getting Beaten up While Crowd of Bystanders Laughs at Baltimore St…” Mail Online, Daily Mail, 8 Apr. 2012, www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2126736/Shocking-video-tourist-getting-beaten-crowd-bystanders-laughs-Baltimore-St-Patricks-Day-parade.html. Accessed 24 Mar. 2025.

Daniels, Keith. “Survivor of Deadly Food Delivery Shooting Speaks Out.” WBFF, 28 Jan. 2022, foxbaltimore.com/news/local/test-01-29-2022. Accessed 13 Dec. 2024.

Dao, James. “Baltimore Streets Meaner, but Message Is Mixed.” The New York Times, 9 Feb. 2005. Accessed 3 Jan. 2025.

“Defendants Sentenced in Deadly Home Invasion Case.” The Baltimore City State’s Attorney’s Office, 7 Sept. 2023, www.stattorney.org/media-center/press-releases/2787-defendants-sentenced-in-deadly-home-invasion-case. Accessed 18 Mar. 2025.

Demkovich, Laurel. “Friends Remember Teen Shot, Killed in Car.” The Washington Post, 21 Nov. 2019, p. C3.

Dickstein, Ryan. “Attacker Confesses to Deadly Assault on 74-Year-Old Walking Dog in Fells Point.” WMAR 2 News Baltimore, 20 Aug. 2024, www.wmar2news.com/local/attacker-confesses-to-deadly-assault-on-74-year-old-walking-dog-in-fells-point. Accessed 16 Dec. 2024.

—. “Prosecutors Describe Violent Chain of Events in Deadly Methadone Clinic Shootout.” WMAR 2 News Baltimore, 10 Feb. 2020, www.wmar2news.com/news/region/baltimore-city/prosecutors-describe-violent-chain-of-events-in-deadly-methadone-clinic-shootout. Accessed 13 Dec. 2024.

Dikos, Alexa. “74-Year-Old Man Dies after Assault in Fells Point, according to Police.” WBFF, 18 Aug. 2024, foxbaltimore.com/news/local/74-year-old-man-dies-after-assault-in-fells-point-according-to-police. Accessed 22 Mar. 2025.

Dorgan, Michael. “Teens Arrested for Stomping on Man’s Head during Brutal Armed Attack in Baltimore.” Fox News, Oct. 2024, www.foxnews.com/us/teens-arrested-stomping-mans-head-during-brutal-armed-attack-baltimore. Accessed 22 Mar. 2025.

Fenton, Justin. “Baltimore Man Shot, Killed Monday Evening near Home in What Police Think Was Robbery.” The Washington Post, 19 Sept. 2012, www.washingtonpost.com/local/baltimore-man-shot-killed-monday-evening-near-home-in-what-police-think-was-robbery/2012/09/18/65db57ee-01e3-11e2-b260-32f4a8db9b7e_story.html. Accessed 21 Mar. 2025.

—. “Document: Police Exploring Whether NIH Researcher’s Killing Related to the Bloods.” The Baltimore Sun, 22 Oct. 2012, www.baltimoresun.com/2012/10/22/document-police-exploring-whether-nih-researchers-killing-related-to-the-bloods-2/. Accessed 21 Mar. 2025.

—. “Scientist Gunned down in Street: Police Suspect Robbery in Shooting Outside Man’s Herring Run Park Home.” The Baltimore Sun, 19 Sept. 2012. Accessed 13 Dec. 2024.

—. “Via MurderInk IG, This Is the Pair Fatally Shot the Other Day in Southwest Baltimore: Britt & Rico. .” X (Formerly Twitter), 2025, x.com/justin_fenton/status/1146574663486705664. Accessed 22 Jan. 2025.

—. “Victim Dies Two Years after Shooting: Neighborhood Figure Is the 2nd Fatality in 2012 Robbery.” The Baltimore Sun, 17 May 2014, p. A2.

—. “Violence in Tourist Areas Leads to More Patrols.” The Baltimore Sun, 31 May 2009, www.baltimoresun.com/2009/05/31/violence-in-tourist-areas-leads-to-more-patrols/. Accessed 7 Dec. 2024.

Garrett, Siobhan, and Brittney Verner. “Man Shot to Death Attempting to Stop Carjackers in Canton.” WMAR 2 News Baltimore, 18 Aug. 2023, www.wmar2news.com/local/man-shot-to-death-attempting-to-stop-carjackers-in-canton. Accessed 22 Mar. 2025.

“Gay Man Loses 14-Month Battle for Life after Possible Hate Attack.” Unfinished Lives, 28 Nov. 2009, unfinishedlivesblog.com/2009/11/28/gay-man-loses-14-month-battle-for-life-after-possible-hate-attack/. Accessed 13 Dec. 2024.

George, Justin. “ Shoot to Kill: Some Baltimore Neighborhoods Condemned to Endure a Shocking Degree of Violence .” The Baltimore Sun, 6 Oct. 2016, web.archive.org/web/20170117231112/www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/investigations/bal-shoot-to-kill-part-two-story.html. Accessed 19 Apr. 2025.

—. “At a Corner Store in Southwest, Life Goes On: Eleven Days after a Gunman Killed His Brother-In-Law and Wounded His Wife, Jose Melo Returns, Trusting in God and Supportive Customers.” The Baltimore Sun, 21 Jan. 2014, p. A1.

González, Priscila. “East Baltimore Aches after Violent Death of Fabián Sánchez–González – Catholic Review.” Catholic Review, 6 May 2023, catholicreview.org/east-baltimore-aches-after-violent-death-of-fabian-sanchez-gonzalez/. Accessed 22 Mar. 2025.

Hager, Jeff. “Search Continues for 97-Year-Old Man’s Killer.” WMAR 2 News Baltimore, 28 July 2017, www.wmar2news.com/news/crime-checker/baltimore-city-crime/search-continues-for-97-year-old-mans-killer. Accessed 20 Mar. 2025.

Harris, Cayla. “Teenager Killed in South Baltimore Shooting Was like a “Second Mom” to Siblings.” The Baltimore Banner, 15 Nov. 2024, www.thebaltimorebanner.com/obituaries/cameran-holt-south-baltimore-shooting-DABE3CK4CFHN3HAIIDAHWKCSX4/. Accessed 20 Mar. 2025.

Haynes, Madisson. “$5,000 Reward Offered in Shooting Death of 19-Year-Old Morgan State University Student.” WUSA, 12 July 2019, www.wusa9.com/article/news/morgan-state-university-student-killed-by-gun-violence/65-bd2f5461-549a-453b-9458-7b1a61ad7683. Accessed 30 Mar. 2025.

Hellgren, Mike. “Frightened Neighbors Heard Gunshots, Saw Victim in Street after Shooting near Patterson Park.” CBS Baltimore, 26 Nov. 2022, www.cbsnews.com/baltimore/news/frightened-neighbors-heard-gunshots-saw-victim-in-street-after-shooting-near-patterson-park/. Accessed 28 Mar. 2025.

Hermann, Peter. “Suspected Hate Crime Victim Shot in 2008 Dies.” The Baltimore Sun, 28 Nov. 2009. Accessed 15 Dec. 2024.

—. “Youths Assault Downtown Workers: Police Also Investigating Another Juvenile Fight in the Inner Harbor Area”; The Baltimore Sun, 1 June 2012. Accessed 15 Dec. 2024.

Herring, Vanessa. “Police Investigate 97-Year-Old Man’s Death as Suspicious.” WBAL, 22 July 2017, www.wbaltv.com/article/police-investigate-97-year-old-mans-death-as-suspicious/10345191. Accessed 20 Mar. 2025.

—. “Baltimore Police Successfully Deter Crime with Mobile Command Unit, Proving Effective in Busy Areas.” WBFF, 2 July 2023, foxbaltimore.com/news/local/baltimore-police-successfully-deter-crime-with-mobile-command-unit-proving-effective-in-busy-areas. Accessed 26 Mar. 2025.

—. “Murder Suspect Back on the Streets to Rob after Case Is Dropped.” WBFF, 24 Mar. 2022, foxbaltimore.com/news/local/murder-suspect-back-on-the-streets-to-rob-after-case-is-dropped. Accessed 29 Dec. 2024.

James, Khalaisha. “Defendant Found Incompetent to Stand Trial for the Second Time in 2016 Fatal Stabbing Case  – Baltimore Witness.” Baltimore Witness, 12 Jan. 2023, baltimorewitness.org/defendant-found-incompetent-to-stand-trial-for-the-second-time-in-2016-fatal-stabbing-case/. Accessed 28 Mar. 2025.

James, Michael. “Friend Points Finger in Student Slaying.” The Baltimore Sun, 25 July 1995, p. 2B.

“Joseph Alexander Ulrich Obituary 2012.” Resthaven Funeral Home and Cemetery, 10 Aug. 2012, www.rsthvn.com/obituaries/joseph-alexander-ulrich. Accessed 20 Mar. 2025.

Kane, Larry. “Baltimore Tourist Robbed on St. Patrick’s Day.” YouTube, 8 Apr. 2012, www.youtube.com/watch?v=XWGiI04jr-Q. Accessed 24 Mar. 2025.

Kemp, Micarie. “21-Year-Old Morgan State University Student Killed in NE Baltimore.” WBFF, 25 Apr. 2019, foxbaltimore.com/news/local/21-year-old-morgan-state-university-student-killed-in-ne-baltimore. Accessed 30 Mar. 2025.

Kersey, Paul. “#217. The Reality of Baltimore.” The Unz Review, 1 Dec. 2020, www.unz.com/sbpdl/217-reality-of-baltimore/. Accessed 7 Dec. 2024.

Khan, Saliqa A. “BPD Releases Video of Gunman in Killing of Morgan State Student.” WBAL, 27 Dec. 2017, www.wbaltv.com/article/bpd-release-video-of-gunman-in-killing-of-morgan-state-student/14507676. Accessed 20 Mar. 2025.

Kilar, Steve, and Rebekah Brown. “ Child Shot at Harbor Rebounding Quickly: Father Provides Details on “Scariest Moment of My Life.”” The Baltimore Sun, 7 July 2011, p. A1.

Kugiya, Hugo. “Fells Point Victim Remembered as ‘a Joy to Be Around.’” The Baltimore Banner, 19 Aug. 2024, www.thebaltimorebanner.com/community/criminal-justice/david-philpot-fells-point-victim-XM45SJQSS5GLBFMMPKGFVJI2VY/. Accessed 31 Mar. 2025.

Kyles, Akira. “Family and Friends Mourn Morgan Student Killed in Shooting | the Spokesman.” The Spokesman | the Student News Site of Morgan State University, 22 Dec. 2017, themsuspokesman.com/7333/news/campus-news/friends-and-family-mourn-fallen-morganite/. Accessed 20 Mar. 2025.

Lavers, Michael K. “Gay Man Shot to Death in Baltimore.” Washington Blade: LGBTQ News, Politics, LGBTQ Rights, Gay News, 14 Aug. 2012, www.washingtonblade.com/2012/08/14/gay-man-shot-to-death-in-baltimore/. Accessed 20 Mar. 2025.

Lettis, George. “Baltimore’s New Public Enemy No. 1 Is Christopher Straham.” WBAL, 5 Dec. 2016, www.wbaltv.com/article/baltimores-new-public-enemy-no-1-is-christopher-straham/8466701. Accessed 21 Mar. 2025.

Lovelace, C.J. “Man Gets Two Life Terms in Ex-Smithsburg Man’s Slaying.” Herald-Mail Media, The Herald-Mail, 21 Jan. 2016, www.heraldmailmedia.com/story/news/local/2016/01/21/man-gets-two-life-terms-in-ex-smithsburg-mans-slaying/45650819/. Accessed 13 Dec. 2024.

Lu, Amy. ““Everybody Loved Him”: Community Remembers Slain La Scala General Manager in Vigil.” WBAL, 27 Jan. 2022, www.wbaltv.com/article/chesley-patterson-remembered-in-vigil-baltimore/38901781. Accessed 6 May 2025.

Lynch, Kevin. “Sentences Issued in the Murder of Locust Point Resident Alexander Wroblewski.” SouthBMore.com, 1 May 2019, www.southbmore.com/2019/05/01/sentences-issued-in-the-murder-of-locust-point-resident-alexander-wroblewski/. Accessed 16 Mar. 2025.

“Man Convicted in 2012 Mount Vernon Shootings.” WBAL, 10 Aug. 2015, www.wbaltv.com/article/man-convicted-in-2012-mount-vernon-shootings/7095212. Accessed 18 Mar. 2025.

“Man Convicted in Bartender’s 2017 Killing.” AP News, 19 Oct. 2021, apnews.com/article/crime-maryland-baltimore-robbery-4e2ecdff7f2a87446911e9f8494b464b. Accessed 22 Jan. 2025.

Marbella, Jean, and Jonathan M. Pitts. “City’s Slow-Burning Anger Ends in Death  – Baltimore Sun.” The Baltimore Sun, 10 July 2020, digitaledition.baltimoresun.com/tribune/article_popover.aspx?guid=218ee53a-c3c2-430c-888a-79e85281c702. Accessed 20 Mar. 2025.

Marvit, Peter. “Peter Marvit’s Research Works | University of Maryland, College Park and Other Places.” ResearchGate, 2012, www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/Peter-Marvit-15057143. Accessed 21 Mar. 2025.

Mattu, Rohan. “Man Pleads Guilty to Murder in Killing of Baltimore T-Mobile Employee during Robbery.” The Baltimore Banner, 17 May 2024, www.thebaltimorebanner.com/community/criminal-justice/t-mobile-homicide-robbery-guilty-plea-canton-FXHVQFMGWJH6NBCOIZCSMQJJOE/. Accessed 22 Mar. 2025.

McLeod, Ethan. “Teen Arrested in Homeless Man’s Murder Was Removing His Face Tattoos, Police Say.” Baltimore Fishbowl, 8 Dec. 2016, baltimorefishbowl.com/stories/teen-arrested-homeless-mans-murder-removing-face-tattoos-police-say/. Accessed 21 Mar. 2025.

McMenamin, Jennifer. “No Motive in Slashing: Police Can’t Find Link between Victim, Man Charged in Catonsville Liquor Store Killing.” The Baltimore Sun, 26 Nov. 2008, p. A3.

Melser, Lowell. “Family Pleads for Help after Bartender Fatally Shot in Head.” WBAL, 14 June 2017, www.wbaltv.com/article/family-pleads-for-help-after-bartender-fatally-shot-in-head/10024215. Accessed 27 Mar. 2025.

Michaels, Andrew. “Clifton Ave. Murder “Clearly Planned Out,” Prosecution Says – Baltimore Witness.” Baltimore Witness, 3 May 2022, baltimorewitness.org/clifton-ave-murder-clearly-planned-out-prosecution-says/. Accessed 18 Mar. 2025.

—. “Judge to Review Motion to Modify 45-Year Murder Sentence – Baltimore Witness.” Baltimore Witness, 17 May 2021, baltimorewitness.org/judge-to-review-motion-to-modify-45-year-murder-sentence/. Accessed 7 Dec. 2024.

—. “Prosecutor Says Video Shows Defendant Followed Victims before Fatal Robbery on Bloomingdale Road in July 2019 – Baltimore Witness.” Baltimore Witness, 25 Aug. 2023, baltimorewitness.org/defendant-followed-victims-before-fatal-robbery-on-bloomingdale-road-in-july-2019/. Accessed 26 Mar. 2025.

“Morgan State Engineering Student Dead at 19.” US Black Engineer and Information Technology, Dec. 2017, www.blackengineer.com/imported_wordpress/morgan-state-engineering-student-dead-19/. Accessed 20 Mar. 2025.

“Morgan State Graduate Student 1 of 2 Found Shot in Burning Car.” Cbsnews.com, CBS Baltimore, 25 Feb. 2013, www.cbsnews.com/baltimore/news/police-identify-2-found-shot-in-burning-car/. Accessed 20 Mar. 2025.

Najera, Rene F. “Open Data, Epidemiology and Homicides in Baltimore, 2005to 2017.” Baltimore Neighborhoods Indicators Alliance, 2019, bniajfi.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/BNIA_Data_Day_NAJERA.pdf. Accessed 23 Dec. 2024.

“Open Baltimore: Public Safety Accountability Dashboard.” Data.baltimorecity.gov, City of Baltimore, Maryland, 4 Dec. 2024, data.baltimorecity.gov/. Accessed 4 Dec. 2024.

Orman, Shelley. “Man Accused of Stabbing 73-Year-Old Once Charged with Threatening Disabled Woman.” WBFF, 7 Dec. 2016, foxbaltimore.com/news/local/man-accused-of-stabbing-73-year-old-once-charged-with-threatening-disabled-woman. Accessed 21 Mar. 2025.

Ortiz, Liz. “Mourning Kevon Dix | “He Was Just like Sunshine to Everybody.”” WBFF, 26 Apr. 2019, foxbaltimore.com/news/local/mourning-kevon-dix-he-was-just-like-sunshine-to-everybody. Accessed 30 Mar. 2025.

Paglia, Karen. “Reporting Defames Victim of Slashing.” The Baltimore Sun, 30 Nov. 2008, p. B2.

Patterson, Tennille. “Amid Rising Crime and Poor School Ratings, Baltimore’s Population Drops, Report Says.” WBFF, 12 Sept. 2022, foxbaltimore.com/news/local/amid-rising-crime-and-poor-school-ratings-baltimores-population-drops-report-says. Accessed 11 Dec. 2024.

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Proctor, Brandi. “Cold Cases: The Disturbing Trend We Found after the Shooting at Morgan State This Weekend.” WBFF, 25 Oct. 2021, foxbaltimore.com/news/local/suspect-on-the-loose-after-morgan-state-shooting-other-cases-remain-unsolved. Accessed 20 Mar. 2025.

Prudente, Tim. ““It Smacks of Just Downright Sociopathic Behavior”: Boy Sentenced in Robbery during Brutal Murder of Baltimore High School Student.” The Baltimore Sun, 8 Sept. 2017. Accessed 14 Dec. 2024.

—. “Baltimore Judge Halts Murder Trial, Orders Postponement in Case of Bartender’s Killing in Locust Point.” The Baltimore Sun, 6 Feb. 2019.

—. “Gang Member Gets 50 Years for Murder Judge Cites “Monumental Tragedy” in the Death of Bartender Sebastian Dvorak.” The Baltimore Sun, 11 Dec. 2017.

—. “Judge Cites “Monumental Tragedy” While Sentencing Young Baltimore Man to 50 Years for Murdering Bartender Sebastian Dvorak in Canton.” The Baltimore Sun, 10 Dec. 2021.

—. “Judge Exonerates Three Men in 1983 “Georgetown Jacket” School Killing.” The Baltimore Sun, 25 Nov. 2019, www.baltimoresun.com/2019/11/25/judge-exonerates-three-men-in-1983-georgetown-jacket-school-killing/. Accessed 19 Apr. 2025.

Pryor, Rebecca. “Wife Mourns Husband after Deadly Fells Point Attack, Suspect’s Long Criminal Past Revealed.” WBFF, 20 Aug. 2022, foxbaltimore.com/news/local/wife-mourns-husband-after-deadly-fells-point-attack-suspects-long-criminal-past-revealed. Accessed 16 Dec. 2024.

Quaranta, Cadence. “Man Who Died after Being Thrown to Ground in Canton Robbery Remembered for Volunteerism, Lending a Helping Hand.” The Baltimore Banner, 24 Aug. 2022, www.thebaltimorebanner.com/baltimore/man-who-died-after-being-pushed-to-ground-in-canton-robbery-remembered-for-volunteerism-lending-a-helping-hand-ZYUWFMGUABDTNJGIX7KLUOSSMM/. Accessed 31 Mar. 2025.

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Rainer, Hannah. “Families Express Grief, Anger before Sentencing of Double Murder Defendant – Baltimore Witness.” Baltimore Witness, 11 Dec. 2023, baltimorewitness.org/families-express-grief-anger-before-sentencing-of-double-murder-defendant/. Accessed 26 Mar. 2025.

Rector, Kevin. ““Suffocating” Violence: Despite National Trend, Killings Increase in Baltimore through First Half of 2019.” The Baltimore Sun, 11 July 2019, www.baltimoresun.com/2019/07/11/suffocating-violence-despite-national-trend-killings-increase-in-baltimore-through-first-half-of-2019/. Accessed 22 Jan. 2025.

—. ““They Have to Do Something”’; Beloved Morgan State Student Joins List of Baltimore Homicide Victims.” The Baltimore Sun, 22 Dec. 2017, digitaledition.baltimoresun.com/tribune/article_popover.aspx?guid=582dec46-394b-4f17-b1ca-d133406e88e2. Accessed 20 Mar. 2025.

—. “2017 Homicide Data Provide Insight into Baltimore’s Gun Wars, Police Say.” The Baltimore Sun, 3 Jan. 2018.

—. “Morgan State Sophomore Fatally Shot in Baltimore Robbery Was “Promising Student” Beloved by Big Family.” The Baltimore Sun, 21 Dec. 2017.

—. “Northeast Residents Take “Solidarity Walk” Following Violence.” The Baltimore Sun, 20 Sept. 2012, www.baltimoresun.com/2012/09/20/northeast-residents-take-solidarity-walk-following-violence-2/. Accessed 21 Mar. 2025.

—. “Police Hope Arrests Will Halt Attacks Group of Juveniles Thought to Be Involved in Other Incidents near Inner Harbor.” The Baltimore Sun, 10 Mar. 2017, digitaledition.baltimoresun.com/tribune/article_popover.aspx?guid=e0636690-30bd-4d88-9ad3-b19d23d393d4. Accessed 15 Dec. 2024.

Rector, Kevin, and Justin Fenton. “Police ID Suspect in Stabbing of 73-Year-Old; Teenager Charged with First-Degree Murder, Named City’s Public Enemy No. 1.” The Baltimore Sun, 6 Dec. 2016, p. A2.

Reed, Kai. “Manuel Luis, Morgan State University Student Fatally Shot in Car Outside Student Housing, Victim of “Robbery Gone Wrong.”” Cbsnews.com, CBS Baltimore, 12 July 2019, www.cbsnews.com/baltimore/news/manuel-luis-msu-student-fatally-shot/. Accessed 20 Mar. 2025.

—. “Promising Morgan State Student Killed in Robbery Attempt.” WBAL, 21 Dec. 2017, www.wbaltv.com/article/promising-morgan-state-student-killed-in-robbery-attempt/14477021. Accessed 14 Dec. 2024.

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Rydell, John. “Cold Case Murder | Strange Stabbing of Morgan State Student Remains Unsolved.” WBFF, 18 Sept. 2018, foxbaltimore.com/news/local/cold-case-murder-strange-stabbing-of-morgan-state-student-remains-unsolved. Accessed 20 Mar. 2025.

Ryley, Sarah. “Shoot Someone in a Major U.S. City, and Odds Are You’ll Get Away with It.” The Trace, 24 Jan. 2019, www.thetrace.org/2019/01/murder-solve-rate-gun-violence-baltimore-shootings/. Accessed 20 Mar. 2025.

Sentementes, Gus G. “Few Clues in Catonsville Slashing.” The Baltimore Sun, 24 Nov. 2008, www.baltimoresun.com/2008/11/24/few-clues-in-catonsville-slashing/. Accessed 7 Dec. 2024.

—. “Interviews Raise Questions about Race’s Role in Bus Attack.” The Baltimore Sun, 8 Dec. 2007, www.baltimoresun.com/2007/12/08/interviews-raise-questions-about-races-role-in-bus-attack/. Accessed 7 Dec. 2024.

Sewell, Kelvin, et al. Why Do We Kill? : The Pathology of Murder in Baltimore. Baltimore, Md, Baltimore True Crime, 2011.

Sheldon, Phill. “Elderly and Homeless, Stabbing Victim Had a Name and a Story | Baltimore Brew.” Baltimore Brew, 21 Dec. 2016, www.baltimorebrew.com/2016/12/21/elderly-and-homeless-stabbing-victim-had-a-name-and-a-story/. Accessed 13 Dec. 2024.

Siegel, Andrea F. “Peter Marvit, Scientist and Music Enthusiast.” Baltimore Sun, 23 Sept. 2012, www.baltimoresun.com/2012/09/23/peter-marvit-scientist-and-music-enthusiast/. Accessed 21 Mar. 2025.

Simms, Barry. “Baltimore Judge Denies Bail for One of Two Accused T-Mobile Shooters.” WBAL, 8 May 2023, www.wbaltv.com/article/bail-review-arthur-mccaden-tmobile-robbery-shooting/43829538. Accessed 22 Mar. 2025.

—. “Family of Slain MSU Student Kevon Dix Still Want Answers in His Death.” WBAL, 11 Mar. 2020, www.wbaltv.com/article/family-slain-msu-student-kevon-dix-want-answers-in-his-death/31361021. Accessed 30 Mar. 2025.

—. “Jury Acquits Man Accused of Killing Baltimore Tattoo Museum Artist.” WBAL, 16 Nov. 2018, www.wbaltv.com/article/man-accused-of-murdering-baltimore-tattoo-museum-artist-acquitted-by-jury/25161748. Accessed 20 Mar. 2025.

—. “Man Arrested, Another Sought in Killing of James Forrester.” WBAL, 12 Jan. 2018, www.wbaltv.com/article/arrest-made-in-fatal-shooting-of-musician-james-forrester/15072621. Accessed 26 Dec. 2024.

Skene, Lea. “After Young Woman Shot to Death in North Baltimore Home, Family Left with “So Many Questions” .” AP via the Baltimore Sun, 1 Sept. 2022, www.baltimoresun.com/2022/08/31/after-young-woman-shot-to-death-in-north-baltimore-home-family-left-with-so-many-questions/. Accessed 13 Dec. 2024.

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Stewart, Khiree. “Vigil Held in Baltimore to Honor Homicide Victims, Other Causes of Death in 2024.” WBAL, 8 Jan. 2025, www.wbaltv.com/article/vigil-baltimore-honor-homicide-victims-other-death-2024/63365608. Accessed 20 Mar. 2025.

Stover, Firdausa. “A Morganite’s Life Is Remembered.” The Spokesman | the Student News Site of Morgan State University, 4 May 2019, themsuspokesman.com/9037/news/campus-news/a-morganites-life-is-remembered/. Accessed 30 Mar. 2025.

Sylvester, Lisa. “Onlookers Jeer as Man Is Beaten, Stripped and Robbed in Baltimore.” CNN, 10 Apr. 2012, www.cnn.com/2012/04/09/us/maryland-beating/index.html. Accessed 7 Dec. 2024.

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The Chop. “The Chop Leaves the City | the Baltimore Chop.” Thebaltimorechop.com, 24 May 2016, thebaltimorechop.com/2016/05/24/the-chop-leaves-the-city/. Accessed 14 Dec. 2024.

—. “The Chop Moves to Nashville | the Baltimore Chop.” Thebaltimorechop.com, 2018, thebaltimorechop.com/2018/01/01/the-chop-moves-to-nashville/. Accessed 14 Dec. 2024.

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Thompson, Adam, and Tara Lynch. “Trump Ordering National Guard to Fight Crime in Baltimore, Calls City “a Hellhole.”” Cbsnews.com, 2 Sept. 2025, www.cbsnews.com/baltimore/news/president-trump-baltimore-national-guard-maryland-crime-moore-scott/. Accessed 8 Sept. 2025.

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Tully, Sean. “Verdict Is In:  Baltimore City Is Hopeless.” North Baltimore, MD Patch, Patch, 14 Aug. 2012, patch.com/maryland/northbaltimore/bp–verdict-is-in-baltimore-city-is-hopeless. Accessed 13 Dec. 2024.

Vatz, Richard E. “No Jail Time for a Young Woman’s Brutal  Killer  – Is This Justice?” The Baltimore Sun, 4 Aug. 2009, p. A13.

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WBAL-TV 11 Baltimore. “ Viral Video Leads to Arrest in St. Patrick’s Beating .” YouTube, 13 Apr. 2012, www.youtube.com/watch?v=vdJhxhk_tbo&ab_channel=WBAL-TV11Baltimore. Accessed 24 Mar. 2025.

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WBFF FOX45 Baltimore. ““She Didn’t Have to Die”: Community Reels as Young Woman Killed in Crossfire.” YouTube, 8 Nov. 2024, www.youtube.com/watch?v=4F4L5sO7Egg. Accessed 20 Mar. 2025.

—. “Baltimore’s Fells Point Robbery Sparks Resident Concerns.” YouTube, 20 Apr. 2025, www.youtube.com/watch?v=KcwTEiZj90E. Accessed 25 Apr. 2025.

—. “Residents Call for DJS Leader’s Resignation after Attack and Robbery of 66-Year-Old Man.” YouTube, 28 Sept. 2024, www.youtube.com/watch?v=QxFnz05KKpY. Accessed 22 Mar. 2025.

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““Whoever Did This to Him, I Hope Your Heart Is as Heavy as Ours” Family and Friends Mourn Loss of Kevon Dix.” CBS Baltimore, 26 Apr. 2019, www.cbsnews.com/baltimore/news/morgan-state-community-mourns-loss-of-kevon-dix/. Accessed 20 Mar. 2025.

Williams, Armstrong. “Baltimore Mayor Brandon Scott Cares More about Politics than Public Safety.” The Baltimore Sun, 10 May 2024. Accessed 9 Dec. 2024.

Williams, Jennifer. “Park Volunteer Makes Giving Back a Weekly Priority.” Catholic Review, Archdiocese of Baltimore, 22 Nov. 2013, www.archbalt.org/park-volunteer-makes-giving-back-a-weekly-priority/. Accessed 2 Apr. 2025.

Wintrode, Brenda, and Dylan Segelbaum. “A Vicious Attack, a Viral Video and a Community Asking What Went Wrong.” The Baltimore Banner, 9 Oct. 2024, www.thebaltimorebanner.com/politics-power/state-government/viral-assault-youth-crime-2WBJQ5N7NBH4HOF5EIGK4S22CY/. Accessed 22 Mar. 2025.

WMAR-2 News. “One of the St. Patrick’s Day Beating Attackers in Court Today.” YouTube, 7 Dec. 2012, www.youtube.com/watch?v=rL–iGt5NHw. Accessed 24 Mar. 2025.

“WMAR2 News on Instagram: “It Should’ve Been a Short Walk from Where He Parked His Car near Patterson Park, to His Home on Madeira Street. But He Believes a Group of Five Teenagers Figured They’d Spotted an Easy Target.”They Started to Put Their Bandanas across the Face.” Instagram, 1 Oct. 2024, www.instagram.com/wmar2news/reel/DAmPgkRMpaX/. Accessed 22 Mar. 2025.

Worthington, Elizabeth. “Dave and MaryMargaret Philpot Moved to Fells Point from New Jersey in 2014. .” X (Formerly Twitter), 19 Aug. 2024, x.com/ElizWorthNews/status/1825592881182290206. Accessed 1 Apr. 2025.

WTOP Staff. “Md. Prosecutors Drop St. Patrick’s Day Attackers Charges.” WTOP News, 9 May 2012, wtop.com/news/2012/05/md-prosecutors-drop-st-patricks-day-attackers-charges/. Accessed 24 Mar. 2025.

Yacuboski, Phil . “Federal Hill Bartender Killed in Locust Point Robbery.” WBAL News Radio, 13 Nov. 2017, www.wbal.com/federal-hill-bartender-killed-in-locust-point-robbery/. Accessed 6 Dec. 2024.

Ybarra, Maggie. “Baltimore Man Allegedly Kills Recovery House Manager over Required Urine Test.” WBFF, 28 June 2024, foxbaltimore.com/news/local/baltimore-man-allegedly-kills-recovery-house-manager-over-required-urine-test. Accessed 31 Mar. 2025.

Zellers, Zoe. “Suspect’s Face Tattoos Helped Police Name Him Public Enemy #1 and Helped Citizens ID Him.” WBFF, 8 Dec. 2016, foxbaltimore.com/news/local/suspects-face-tattoos-helped-police-name-him-public-enemy-1-and-helped-citizens-id-him. Accessed 21 Mar. 2025.

Zumer, Bryna. “$5,000 Reward | 2 Suspects Sought in Murder of Morgan State Student.” WBFF, 18 July 2019, foxbaltimore.com/news/local/5000-reward-2-suspects-sought-in-murder-of-morgan-state-student. Accessed 22 Mar. 2025.

Pava LaPere and the gift of fear

Ashford, Ben, et al. “Body of Forbes ’30 under 30’ Tech CEO Pava LaPere, 26, Was Found on the Roof of Her Luxury Apartment…” Mail Online, Daily Mail, 27 Sept. 2023, www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-12564889/pava-lapere-baltimore-murder-jason-billingsley-roof.html. Accessed 6 Apr. 2025.

—. “Exclusive: Jason Billingsley’s “Arson Victim” Jonte Gilmore Tells How He Was Forced to Watch His…” Mail Online, Daily Mail, 28 Sept. 2023, www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-12572983/Jason-Billingsleys-arson-victim-Jonte-Gilmore-forced-watch-girlfriend-tortured-raped-doused-liquid-set-ablaze.html. Accessed 10 Dec. 2024.

Ashwell, Alexa. “Memorial Marks Where Man Shot, Killed in Federal Hill.” WBFF, 2022, foxbaltimore.com/news/local/memorial-marks-where-man-shot-killed-in-federal-hill. Accessed 7 May 2025.

Bard, Branville G. “Recent Serious Crimes on and near Our Homewood Campus.” Johns Hopkins University Public Safety, 2025, publicsafety.jhu.edu/updates-and-events/messages/recent-serious-crimes-on-and-near-our-homewood-campus-2/. Accessed 1 Apr. 2025.

Berinato, Chris. “Charging Documents Reveal Disturbing Details about Murder of Baltimore Tech CEO Pava LaPere.” WJLA, 28 Sept. 2023, wjla.com/news/local/jason-billingsley-arrested-suspect-pava-lapere-murder-baltimore-tech-ceo-marc-train-station-laurel-bowie-road-prince-georges-county-attempted-murder-rape-west-franklin-street. Accessed 15 Mar. 2025.

BostonTea. “Chyba Moja Ulubiona Historia Zeszłego Roku.” X (Formerly Twitter), 2025, x.com/BostonTea84/status/1845406657171296623/photo/1. Accessed 8 Apr. 2025.

Bradberry, Travis. “7 Things Deeply Intuitive People Do Differently.” CNBC, 21 Dec. 2017, www.cnbc.com/2017/12/21/7-things-deeply-intuitive-people-do-differently.html. Accessed 8 Apr. 2025.

Carter, Kevin. “Pava LaPere: An Inspiring Life Remembered.” Technical.ly, Technically Media, 12 Aug. 2024, technical.ly/civic-news/pava-lapere-johns-hopkins-guest-post/. Accessed 3 Apr. 2025.

Christiansen, Andrew. “Slain Woman with Tucson Ties Inspires Maryland Law Preventing Early Release from Jail.” KGUN 9 Tucson News, 12 June 2024, www.kgun9.com/news/community-inspired-journalism/catalina-foothills-news/slain-woman-with-tucson-ties-inspires-maryland-law-preventing-early-release-from-jail. Accessed 1 Apr. 2025.

circe5823. “Feelings about Pava Lapere: How Do We Live like This?” Reddit.com, 29 Sept. 2023, www.reddit.com/r/TwoXChromosomes/comments/16vfunu/feelings_about_pava_lapere_how_do_we_live_like/. Accessed 7 Apr. 2025.

Collins, Gary. “Decade-Long Trail of Terror: The Relentless Crime Spree That Led to a Regional Manhunt for Jason Billingsley.” WBFF, 29 Sept. 2023, foxbaltimore.com/news/local/decade-long-trail-of-terror-the-relentless-crime-spree-that-led-to-a-regional-manhunt-for-jason-billingsley. Accessed 15 Mar. 2025.

Conwell, McKeever “Mac. “I’m Literally Heartbroken. I’ve Know Pava since She Was a College Student with Dreams of Being an Entrepreneur.  .” X (Formerly Twitter), 2025, x.com/MacConwell/status/1706820350992953475. Accessed 8 Apr. 2025.

Everhart, Wyatt. “Weather Alert Tropical Depression Ophelia Continues to Bring Heavy Downpours,  Gusting Winds, and Flood Threat along Waterfront into Sunday.” WBFF, 23 Sept. 2023, foxbaltimore.com/news/local/weather-alert-tropical-storm-ophelia-continues-to-bring-heavy-downpours-gusting-winds-and-flood-threat-along-waterfront-into-sunday-09-23-2023. Accessed 6 May 2025.

Fenton, Reuven, and Katherine Donlevy. “Exclusive | Sex Assault Victim of Accused Baltimore CEO Killer Feared for Her Life When He Was Freed: “Thought He Was Coming for Me.”” New York Post, 29 Sept. 2023, nypost.com/2023/09/29/jason-billingsley-victim-worried-he-would-hunt-her-down-while-a-fugitive/. Accessed 8 Apr. 2025.

Foreback, Caroline. “Maryland Bills Inspired by Slain Baltimore Tech CEO Pava LaPere Signed in Front of Family, Friends.” CBS Baltimore, 16 May 2024, www.cbsnews.com/baltimore/news/maryland-bills-inspired-by-slain-baltimore-tech-ceo-pava-lapere-signed-in-front-of-family-friends-jason-billingsley-repeat-offenders/. Accessed 3 Apr. 2025.

Freeman, Jonathan B., and Kerri L. Johnson. “More than Meets the Eye: Split-Second Social Perception.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences, vol. 20, no. 5, May 2016, pp. 362–374, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1364661316000504, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2016.03.003. Accessed 13 Dec. 2020.

Hutchison, Joe. “Pava LaPere Was Dead “within 36 Minutes of Arriving Home.”” Mail Online, 30 Sept. 2023, www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-12577385/Tech-CEO-Pava-LaPere-brick-three-teeth-buttons-battered-body-roof.html. Accessed 10 Dec. 2024.

ignitebaltimore. “Pava LaPere – Building Equitable and Accessible Enterpreneurial Ecosystems – Ignite Baltimore 21.” YouTube, 28 Oct. 2019, www.youtube.com/watch?v=XnMjBppf3xA. Accessed 5 Apr. 2025.

James, Emma. “Mom of Convicted Sex Attacker Jason Billingsley Accused of Killing Forbes 30 under 30 CEO Pava…” Daily Mail, 27 Sept. 2023, www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-12567951/Mom-convicted-sex-attacker-Jason-Billingsley-accused-killing-Forbes-30-30-CEO-Pava-LaPere-says-showed-GUN-days-ago-urges-turn-in.html. Accessed 3 Apr. 2025.

Johns Hopkins University. “The Pava Marie LaPere Center for Entrepreneurship Dedication.” YouTube, 8 Apr. 2024, www.youtube.com/watch?v=UCU8huuzBAM. Accessed 3 Apr. 2025.

“Johns Hopkins University Reviews – Health and Safety.” Niche, 2025, www.niche.com/colleges/johns-hopkins-university/reviews/?category=Health-%26-Safety. Accessed 1 Apr. 2025.

Kazanjian, Glynis . “Tech CEO Pava LaPere’s Rape and Murder Has Spurred Lawmakers to Curb Early-Release Credits for Violent Sex Offenders.” Business Insider, 17 Jan. 2024, www.businessinsider.com/maryland-lawmakers-push-for-stricter-parole-laws-after-tragic-death-of-tech-ceo-pava-lapere-2024-1. Accessed 9 Dec. 2024.

Kitt, Earthenware. “UPDATE – Suspect Named in Murder of Tech CEO Pava Marie LaPere (Forbes 30 under 30 List) Allegedly Bludgeoned to Death in Posh Downtown Baltimore Condo.” Lipstick Alley, 26 Sept. 2023, www.lipstickalley.com/threads/suspect-named-in-murder-of-tech-ceo-pava-marie-lapere-forbes-30-under-30-list-allegedly-bludgeoned-to-death-in-posh-downtown-baltimore-condo.5394985/. Accessed 6 May 2025.

locker1313. “ April’s Five Homicides Were Fewest Recorded in Single Month in Baltimore .” Reddit.com, 2025, www.reddit.com/r/baltimore/comments/1kcixx0/aprils_five_homicides_were_fewest_recorded_in/. Accessed 7 May 2025.

Mann, Alex. “Baltimore Man Pleads Guilty to Attempted Murder in Home Invasion, Expected to Admit to Killing Entrepreneur Pava LaPere.” The Baltimore Sun, 26 Aug. 2024, www.baltimoresun.com/2024/08/26/jason-billingsley-guilty-plea-attempted-murder-home-invasion-pava-lapere-killing/. Accessed 6 Apr. 2025.

MissaSissa. “ When Did You Start Teaching Your Kids about Stranger Danger? .” Reddit.com, 21 Oct. 2022, www.reddit.com/r/Parenting/comments/ya3m11/when_did_you_start_teaching_your_kids_about/. Accessed 5 Apr. 2025.

NewsNation. “Billingsley Returned to Murder Scene Sunday: Neighbor of Tech CEO | Banfield.” YouTube, 28 Sept. 2023, www.youtube.com/watch?v=OokOvOt9qn0. Accessed 2 Apr. 2025.

Oakley, Barbara. “Pathological Altruism.” Barbara Oakley, 2011, barbaraoakley.com/books/pathological-altruism/. Accessed 17 Mar. 2024.

Prudente, Tim, et al. “Suspect in LaPere Killing Was Also Accused of Rape, Setting Pair on Fire a Week Earlier.” The Baltimore Banner, 27 Sept. 2023, www.thebaltimorebanner.com/community/criminal-justice/pava-lapere-killing-news-JTIVIU5U5ZHPFAD6EUJ54KJT5I/. Accessed 8 Apr. 2025.

Rachel Shannon True Crime. “These DEADLY Mistakes Lead to the HEINOUS Murder of Tech CEO Pava Lapere.” YouTube, 16 Nov. 2023, www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z0dIKWGEMhw. Accessed 6 Apr. 2025.

Sanderlin, Lee O. , and Greg Morton. “With Baltimore Homicides Dropping below 300, Who Gets to Take Credit?” The Baltimore Banner, 21 Dec. 2023, www.thebaltimorebanner.com/community/criminal-justice/baltimore-homicide-brandon-scott-police-IJNWQD2U4JBQNIAYIXZIQQQKOQ/. Accessed 19 Apr. 2025.

Smith, Katie. “‘Random’ Crime Makes Headlines but How Common Is It Really?” NewsNation, 30 Aug. 2022, www.newsnationnow.com/us-news/midwest/crime-involving-strangers/. Accessed 5 Apr. 2025.

St. Francis College. “Gavin de Becker, the Gift of Fear.” YouTube, 19 Sept. 2013, www.youtube.com/watch?v=zNtXjIiJ0PU. Accessed 11 Feb. 2021.

TEDx Talks. “Forget about Your Life Plan | Pava LaPere | TEDxJHU.” YouTube, 22 May 2019, www.youtube.com/watch?v=22Tb8V_QjNI. Accessed 5 Apr. 2025.

WBFF FOX45 Baltimore. “’She Always Calls on Sunday,” Parents of Pava LaPere Speak on Impact, Justice and Change.” YouTube, 5 Apr. 2024, www.youtube.com/watch?v=d-WiLtN4cYk. Accessed 1 Apr. 2025.

—. “Pava LaPere Vigil.” YouTube, 28 Sept. 2023, www.youtube.com/watch?v=F3XwwD-mtlQ. Accessed 15 May 2025.

Wolfe, Elizaabeth, et al. “New Details Emerge about the Slaying of Beloved Baltimore Tech CEO and the Suspect in Her Killing.” CNN, 29 Sept. 2023, www.cnn.com/2023/09/29/us/baltimore-tech-ceo-killing-pava-lapere-friday/index.html. Accessed 8 Dec. 2024.

Worthington, Elizabeth. “Parents of Pava LaPere Testify on Bill Targeting Violent Sex Offenders.” WMAR 2 News Baltimore, 7 Feb. 2024, www.wmar2news.com/infocus/parents-of-pava-lapere-testify-on-bill-targeting-violent-sex-offenders. Accessed 6 Apr. 2025.

The golden glow of Molly, Reese and Henri

Anderson, Jessica. “Mourners Remember Slain Roland Park Resident Molly Macauley.” The Baltimore Sun, 26 July 2016, www.baltimoresun.com/2016/07/26/mourners-remember-slain-roland-park-resident-molly-macauley/. Accessed 28 Mar. 2025.

Associated Press. “Lawyers Help Stranded Peruvian Students.” Diverse: Issues in Higher Education, 21 Jan. 2009, www.diverseeducation.com/demographics/latinx/article/15088173/lawyers-help-stranded-peruvian-students. Accessed 27 Mar. 2025.

Barton_Foley. “Molly Macauley, One of a Handful of Scholars Who Specialize in Space Economics and Policy, Was Stabbed to Death While Walking Her Dogs Last Night.” Reddit, 9 July 2016, www.reddit.com/r/news/comments/4s3oif/molly_macauley_one_of_a_handful_of_scholars_who/. Accessed 8 Dec. 2024.

“Black Man Comes up behind Young White Woman in Liquor Store and Stabs Her in the Neck, Killing Her.” Amnation.com, 2025, www.amnation.com/vfr/archives/012129.html. Accessed 27 Mar. 2025.

“Celebration of Life for Molly Macauley Scheduled for July 23 in Baltimore – UPDATE 2.” Spacepolicyonline.com, 20 July 2016, spacepolicyonline.com/news/celebration-of-life-for-molly-macauley-scheduled-for-july-23-in-baltimore/. Accessed 28 Mar. 2025.

Dacey, Kim. “Caretaker Charged in Death of 8-Month-Old Girl.” WBAL, 25 May 2017, www.wbaltv.com/article/caretaker-charged-in-death-of-8-month-old-girl/9931335. Accessed 13 Dec. 2024.

Donovan, Doug. “Baltimore Man Charged in Fells Point Attack.” The Baltimore Sun, 5 Aug. 2016, www.baltimoresun.com/2016/08/05/baltimore-man-charged-in-fells-point-attack/. Accessed 18 Apr. 2025.

Eurich, Cherine. ““Just Evil”: Police Say Daycare Worker “Tortured” Infant before Her Death – WSVN 7News | Miami News, Weather, Sports | Fort Lauderdale.” WSVN 7News | Miami News, Weather, Sports | Fort Lauderdale, 30 May 2017, wsvn.com/news/us-world/just-evil-police-say-daycare-worker-tortured-infant-before-her-death/. Accessed 20 Mar. 2025.

Farasat, Shayan . “Donate to Henri Jones, Organized by Shayan Farasat.” Gofundme.com, Dec. 2022, www.gofundme.com/f/henri-jones. Accessed 27 Mar. 2025.

Goff, Lorelei. “A Star Goes Out: The Legacy of Molly Macauley.” Earthzine, 21 Dec. 2016, earthzine.org/a-star-goes-out-the-legacy-of-molly-macauley/. Accessed 28 Mar. 2025.

Graham, Taya, et al. “Murder of Baltimore Tech CEO Reveals Dangerous Flaw in City’s Crime Fighting Strategy.” The Real News Network, 26 Oct. 2023, therealnews.com/murder-of-baltimore-tech-ceo-reveals-dangerous-flaw-in-citys-crime-fighting-strategy. Accessed 2 Apr. 2025.

Hagerty, James R. “Molly Macauley Explored the Final Frontier for Economics: Space; She Advised NASA, Others on How to Value Data Provided by Satellites and Limit Space Debris.” Wall Street Journal, 29 July 2016.

Hawley, Catherine. “GoFundMe Page Set up for Woman Attacked in Fells Point.” WMAR 2 News Baltimore, 28 July 2016, www.wmar2news.com/news/crime-checker/baltimore-city-crime/gofundme-page-set-up-for-woman-attacked-in-fells-point. Accessed 18 Apr. 2025.

Hellgren, Mike. “Friends Mourn Henri Jones, 23, Killed near Patterson Park.” Cbsnews.com, CBS Baltimore, 30 Nov. 2022, www.cbsnews.com/baltimore/news/friends-mourn-henri-jones-23-killed-near-patterson-park/. Accessed 18 Mar. 2025.

—. “Friends Mourn Henri Jones, 23, Killed near Patterson Park.” CBS Baltimore, 30 Nov. 2022, www.cbsnews.com/baltimore/news/friends-mourn-henri-jones-23-killed-near-patterson-park/. Accessed 28 Mar. 2025.

Heubeck, Elizabeth. “A Year Later, Stabbing Death in Roland Park Remains a Mystery.” Baltimore Fishbowl, 21 July 2017, baltimorefishbowl.com/stories/a-year-later-stabbing-death-in-roland-park-remains-a-mystery/. Accessed 28 Mar. 2025.

JonWilso. “Police Believe Fatal Stabbing of 59 Year Old Molly Macauley Was a Random Attack. .” Reddit.com, 10 July 2016, www.reddit.com/r/baltimore/comments/4s5hia/police_believe_fatal_stabbing_of_59_year_old/. Accessed 9 Dec. 2024.

Kikat. “Stabbing of Molly Macauley .” Reddit.com, 9 July 2017, www.reddit.com/r/UnresolvedMysteries/comments/6m8ee1/stabbing_of_molly_macauley/. Accessed 17 Apr. 2025.

lucybluth. Possibly Buying a House in Upper Fells. Am I Making a Mistake?? 18 Jan. 2016, www.reddit.com/r/baltimore/comments/5ooxfn/possibly_buying_a_house_in_upper_fells_am_i/. Accessed 5 May 2025.

Martin, George. “Baltimore Daycare Worker Pleads Guilty to Killing Eight-Month-Old Girl.” Mail Online, Daily Mail, 28 Nov. 2018, www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-6437393/Baltimore-daycare-worker-pleads-guilty-killing-eight-month-old-girl.html. Accessed 14 Dec. 2024.

Media Archives. “SFF1483 VariousPanelists Space and the Environment (Molly Macauley).” YouTube, 18 May 2012, www.youtube.com/watch?v=f_LrJ47AaSI. Accessed 17 Apr. 2025.

Melser, Lowell. “Baltimore Woman’s Skull Fractured in Robbery.” WBAL, 26 July 2016, www.wbaltv.com/article/baltimore-woman-s-skull-fractured-in-robbery/7101936. Accessed 18 Apr. 2025.

“Memories and Condolences for Peter Marvit.” Legacy.com, 19 Sept. 2012, www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/baltimoresun/name/peter-marvit-obituary?id=7474481. Accessed 21 Mar. 2025.

Nelson, Peter. “Remembering Molly.” Resources for the Future, 2016, www.resources.org/common-resources/remembering-molly/. Accessed 17 Apr. 2025.

Rasmussen, Frederick N. “Molly K. Macauley .” The Baltimore Sun, 20 July 2016, digitaledition.baltimoresun.com/tribune/article_popover.aspx?guid=b82a7cb5-5429-43a2-87cb-62ba09bad434. Accessed 28 Mar. 2025.

Reed, Kai. “Who Killed Roland Park Resident Molly Macauley?” WBAL, 22 Nov. 2017, www.wbaltv.com/article/who-killed-roland-park-resident-molly-macauley/13856368. Accessed 28 Mar. 2025.

rockprincess818. “#MollyMacauley Being White.” X (Formerly Twitter), 2024, x.com/Rockprincess818/status/751823729382952960. Accessed 9 Dec. 2024.

Rotz, Jeffrey. “Robert Henry Ponsi’s Tribute Wall.” Steverson, Hamlin & Hilbish Funerals and Cremations, 12 Apr. 2017, www.steversonhamlinhilbish.com/obituaries/robert-ponsi. Accessed 27 Mar. 2025.

Silverman, Robert A., and Leslie W. Kennedy. “Relational Distance and Homicide: The Role of the Stranger.” The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (1973-), vol. 78, no. 2, 1987, p. 272, https://doi.org/10.2307/1143450.

“Slain Researcher, Music Lover, to Be Remembered at Concert.” WBAL Baltimore News, 17 Apr. 2013, www.wbal.com/slain-researcher-music-lover-to-be-remembered-at-concert. Accessed 21 Mar. 2025.

Sofastaii, Mallory. “Baltimore Detective Turns to FBI, Public for Help Finding Molly Macauley’s Murderer.” WMAR 2 News Baltimore, 30 Oct. 2017, www.wmar2news.com/longform/baltimore-detective-turns-to-fbi-public-for-help-finding-molly-macauley-s-murderer. Accessed 7 Dec. 2024.

—. “Search Continues for Killer Who Took the Life of Renowned Space Economist.” WMAR 2 News Baltimore, 27 Oct. 2017, www.wmar2news.com/news/crime-checker/baltimore-city-crime/search-continues-for-killer-who-took-the-life-of-a-renowned-space-economist. Accessed 17 Apr. 2025.

Stevens, Brett. “The City That Bleeds: Race, History and the Death of Baltimore by Paul Kersey.” Amerika.org, 8 June 2016, www.amerika.org/lifestyle/the-city-that-bleeds-race-history-and-the-death-of-baltimore-by-paul-kersey/. Accessed 7 Dec. 2024.

Stuart, Jill. “Tribute to Dr. Molly Macauley.” Space Policy, Sciencedirect.com, 27 July 2016, www.sciencedirect.com/journal/space-policy/about/news/tribute-to-dr-molly-macauley. Accessed 17 Apr. 2025.

Suyemoto, Pata. “Peter Marvit.” Massachusetts Office for Victim Assistance, 2025, www.mass.gov/info-details/peter-marvit. Accessed 21 Mar. 2025.

The Land of Unsolved Mysteries. “A Famous Scientist Was Murdered Walking Her Dogs, Her Killer Is Still at Large.” Apple Podcasts, 26 Dec. 2023, podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/a-famous-scientist-was-murdered-walking-her-dogs/id1370374968?i=1000639750829. Accessed 17 Apr. 2025.

Topping, Joseph C. “Henri Jones,Murdered on Thanksgiving Morning 2022 in Baltimore, Maryland.” Reddit.com: Unresolved Mysteries, 24 Nov. 2022, www.reddit.com/r/UnresolvedMysteries/comments/1839gn2/henri_jones_murdered_on_thanksgiving_morning_2022/. Accessed 13 Dec. 2024.

—. “Henri Jones: A Thanksgiving Tragedy.” Sad Endings, 24 Nov. 2023, sadendings.blog/henri-jones/. Accessed 27 Mar. 2025.

Well, Carrie. “Police Seek Clues in Fatal Stabbing; Officers and Cadets Canvass Roland Park in Search for Killer of Researcher, 59.” The Baltimore Sun, 12 July 2016, A2. Accessed 27 Mar. 2025.

WJZ. “Friends, Family Remember 23-Year-Old Man Shot on Thanksgiving Day.” YouTube, 29 Nov. 2022, www.youtube.com/watch?v=wyXc-Be_jwM. Accessed 18 Apr. 2025.

Zarnoch, Robert A. “Kurt Fletcher v State of Maryland.” Circuit Court for Baltimore City, www.courts.state.md.us/sites/default/files/unreported-opinions/0212s17.pdf. Accessed 14 May 2025.

Zinzow, Heidi M., et al. “Losing a Loved One to Homicide: Prevalence and Mental Health Correlates in a National Sample of Young Adults.” Journal of Traumatic Stress, vol. 22, no. 1, Feb. 2009, pp. 20–27, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2829865/, https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20377. Accessed 15 May 2025.

Finding Copper in the Gem State

CBS Baltimore. “’That’s the Guy I Shot’ | Witness Said Deandre Sleet Admitted to Killing Timothy Moriconi in 2018 Federal Hill Shooting.” Cbsnews.com, 5 Dec. 2019, www.cbsnews.com/baltimore/news/deandre-sleet-trial-timothy-moriconi-murder-federal-hill/. Accessed 22 Jan. 2025.

Celestial_object777. “ What US Cities Aren’t as Bad as the Media Paints Them to Be? .” Reddit.com, 6 June 2024, www.reddit.com/r/SameGrassButGreener/comments/1d8x97d/what_us_cities_arent_as_bad_as_the_media_paints/. Accessed 24 May 2025.

Fishburne Military School Alumni Association. ““It Was an Outstanding Tim Moriconi Crab Feast! .” Facebook.com, 2 Aug. 2023, www.facebook.com/FMSAlumniAssociation/photos/it-was-an-outstanding-tim-moriconi-crab-feast-the-event-had-over-240-in-attendan/599480025639480/?_rdr. Accessed 5 July 2025.

“Haviland’s Western.” HavilandsWestern, 2025, www.havilandswestern.com/. Accessed 22 Apr. 2025.

hinakoukla. “ Crime in Federal Hill–What They Don’t Want Us Talking About. .” Reddit.com, 9 Mar. 2020, www.reddit.com/r/BaltimoreUncensored/comments/ffwwuj/crime_in_federal_hillwhat_they_dont_want_us/. Accessed 24 May 2025.

Lynch, Kevin. “Trial Begins for the Murder of Federal Hill Resident Timothy Moriconi.” SouthBMore.com, 3 Dec. 2019, www.southbmore.com/2019/12/03/trial-begins-for-the-murder-of-federal-hill-resident-timothy-moriconi/. Accessed 20 Mar. 2025.

Mann, Court. ““Gosh!” an Oral History of “Napoleon Dynamite” (Part 1).” Deseret News, 29 Apr. 2019, www.deseret.com/2019/4/29/20672155/gosh-an-oral-history-of-napoleon-dynamite-part-1/. Accessed 20 Apr. 2025.

Moriconi Family. “Online Memorial for Timothy Moriconi.” Legacy.com, 3 Oct. 2018, www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/legacyremembers/timothy-moriconi-memorial?id=9001938. Accessed 31 Mar. 2025.

Moriconi, Andy. “Tim Moriconi Crab Feast on July 29th.” SouthBMore.com, 14 June 2023, www.southbmore.com/2023/06/14/tim-moriconi-crab-feast-on-july-29th/. Accessed 20 Mar. 2025.

Moriconi, Ray. “Real-Time Crime: Neighborhood Watch. In Baltimore, When Someone Guns down Timothy Moriconi on the Street, Police Turn to a Neighbor’s Surveillance System to Crack the Case.” Vimeo, 13 Dec. 2022, vimeo.com/783132434. Accessed 21 Mar. 2025.

NicosHouseOfRibs. “Judge Hands down Life in Prison for Federal Hill Murder of Timothy Moriconi .” Reddit.com, 11 Mar. 2020, www.reddit.com/r/baltimore/comments/fgvz98/judge_hands_down_life_in_prison_for_federal_hill/. Accessed 24 May 2025.

summerbowl. “ Fed Hill in the Rain at Night .” Reddit.com, 25 Oct. 2018, www.reddit.com/r/baltimore/comments/9rc98w/fed_hill_in_the_rain_at_night/. Accessed 24 May 2025.

Thompson, Clive. “If You Liked This, Sure to Love That – Winning the Netflix Prize.” The New York Times, 21 Nov. 2008, www.nytimes.com/2008/11/23/magazine/23Netflix-t.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0. Accessed 21 Apr. 2025.

“Victim of Attempted Robbery in Upper Fells Point Says He Isn’t Moving out of Baltimore | WBAL Baltimore News.” WBAL News Radio, 16 June 2025, www.wbal.com/love-the-people-on-the-block-victim-of-attempted-robbery-says-he-isnt-moving-out-of-baltimore. Accessed 30 June 2025.

Painting the cornice

“All That I Ask God Is That the Pain Doesn’t Leave Me Indifferent.” WMAR 2 News Baltimore, 23 Jan. 2020, www.wmar2news.com/news/region/baltimore-city/all-that-i-ask-god-is-that-the-pain-doesnt-leave-me-indifferent#google_vignette. Accessed 9 June 2025.

Albert, Jessica. “Two Men Sentenced in 2019 Home Invasion, Murder of Beloved Catonsville Y Coach Jordan Taylor.” Cbsnews.com, CBS Baltimore, 8 Sept. 2023, www.cbsnews.com/baltimore/news/two-men-sentenced-in-2019-murder-of-beloved-catonsville-y-coach-jordan-taylor/. Accessed 16 Dec. 2024.

“Anyone Know of the Safety/Crime Level in This Area?? I’m Moving to Baltimore and I’m Really Not Sure What to Think or How to Know.” Reddit.com, 10 Jan. 2017, www.reddit.com/r/baltimore/comments/5n8dfe/anyone_know_of_the_safetycrime_level_in_this_area/. Accessed 9 June 2025.

ATF. “Reward: On December 22, 2019, 36-Year-Old Carmen Rodriguez …” Facebook.com, 2019, www.facebook.com/watch/?v=2569814136635912. Accessed 9 June 2025.

Fulginiti, Jenny, and Lowell Melser. “Second Arrest Made in Grocery Store Murder of Carmen Rodriguez.” WBAL, 20 Feb. 2020, www.wbaltv.com/article/second-arrest-murder-carmen-rodriguez/31021920. Accessed 9 June 2025.

Olaniran, Christian. “Man Receives Life Sentence for 2019 Murder of Carmen Rodriguez in Southeast Baltimore Store.” Cbsnews.com, CBS Baltimore, 3 July 2023, www.cbsnews.com/baltimore/news/man-receives-life-sentence-for-2019-murder-of-carmen-rodriguez-in-canton-store/. Accessed 9 June 2025.

“Police: Man Confesses to 3 Baltimore Carjackings.” WBAL, 16 Sept. 2017, www.wbaltv.com/article/police-man-confesses-to-3-baltimore-carjackings/12259137. Accessed 22 Apr. 2025.

“Sheet Metal Work. Part II. Cornice Work.” Chestofbooks.com, Cyclopedia of Architecture, Carpentry, and Building – A General Reference Work on Architecture, Carpentry, Structure, Drafting, Still Construction, 1912, chestofbooks.com/architecture/Cyclopedia-Carpentry-Building-7-10/Sheet-Metal-Work-Part-II-Cornice-Work.html. Accessed 21 Apr. 2025.

WJZ. “Candlelight Vigil Held for Carmen Rodriguez, Killed in East Baltimore Shooting.” YouTube, 22 Jan. 2020, www.youtube.com/watch?v=1EPS8i3a_g4. Accessed 9 June 2025.

A dying and reviving supernova

Amara, Kate. ““Started Pouncing Me”: Assault, Robbery Caught on Camera Leaves Butchers Hill Community Frustrated.” WBAL, 27 Sept. 2024, www.wbaltv.com/article/assault-robbery-caught-camera-butchers-hill-community-frustrated/62414625. Accessed 22 Mar. 2025.

—. “Maryland DJS Changes Policy to Monitor or Detain Youths Charged with Violent Felonies.” WBAL, Oct. 2024, www.wbaltv.com/article/maryland-djs-youth-monitoring-policy-change/62474040. Accessed 15 May 2025.

Anderson, Jessica. “A Popular Little Italy Restaurant Manager and a Caring Grandmother Mourned after Separate, Fatal Shootings in Baltimore Overnight.” The Baltimore Sun, 24 Jan. 2023.

Archibald, Ramsey. “Baltimore Is Changing: Black Residents Keep Leaving, Hispanic Population Is Growing.” The Baltimore Banner, 12 Sept. 2024, www.thebaltimorebanner.com/community/local-news/baltimore-city-black-hispanic-population-change-2XWCTWUT35DBHMECTIMVHGTRMQ/. Accessed 10 Apr. 2025.

Ashwell, Alexa. “Crowds, Police Return to Fells Point as Concerns about Crime Continue.” WBFF, 2 June 2024, foxbaltimore.com/newsletter-daily/crowds-police-return-to-fells-point-as-concerns-about-crime-continue. Accessed 10 June 2025.

—. “People Move, They Don’t Renew Leases: Economist Talks Impact of Spiking Auto Thefts.” WBFF, 14 Sept. 2023, www.youtube.com/watch?v=zucIxpyT_gQ. Accessed 21 Apr. 2025.

—. “Residents Frustrated by Crime, Some Considering a New Address.” WBFF, 12 Feb. 2025, foxbaltimore.com/news/local/residents-frustrated-by-crime-some-considering-a-new-address-police-juveniles-crime-safety-baltimore-maryland. Accessed 25 Apr. 2025.

—. “Stolen Car Ends in Hit-And-Run Crash, Audio Indicates Juveniles Possibly behind Wheel.” WBFF, 11 Feb. 2025, foxbaltimore.com/news/local/stolen-car-ends-in-hit-and-run-crash-suspects-possibly-juveniles. Accessed 30 Apr. 2025.

Axel-Lute, Miriam. “Legitimate Debate or Short-Sighted Complaints? 5 Reasons Affordable Housing Is Expensive to Build.” Shelterforce, 2 Feb. 2024, shelterforce.org/2024/02/02/5-reasons-affordable-housing-is-expensive-to-build/. Accessed 3 May 2025.

“Baltimore’s Only Trans-Led Drop-in Wellness Center.” Baltimore Safe Haven, www.baltimoresafehaven.org/. Accessed 3 May 2025.

Basu, Anirban. “Insiders Have Failed Baltimore; It’s Time to Consider Outsiders.” The Baltimore Sun, 22 Nov. 2019, www.baltimoresun.com/2019/11/22/insiders-have-failed-baltimore-its-time-to-consider-outsiders/. Accessed 21 Apr. 2025.

Clark, Tommie. ““Makes Me Very Anxious”: Assault Survivor Frustrated with Sentencing in Her Case.” WBAL, 20 Sept. 2024, www.wbaltv.com/article/assault-survivor-trauma-frustrated-sentence-case/62302353. Accessed 30 Apr. 2025.

—. “Butchers Hill Assault Victim Calls for Juvenile Attackers to Be Held Accountable.” WBAL, 5 Nov. 2023, www.wbaltv.com/article/butchers-hill-assault-victim-juvenile-justice/45742870. Accessed 30 Apr. 2025.

“Code of Canon Law – Title vi – Physical and Juridic Persons (Cann. 96-123).” Www.vatican.va, 31 May 2016, www.vatican.va/archive/cod-iuris-canonici/eng/documents/cic_lib1-cann96-123_en.html. Accessed 5 May 2025.

Collins, David. “2020 U.S. Census Shows More Diversity Nationwide, Lowest Baltimore Residency in Century.” WBAL, 13 Aug. 2021, www.wbaltv.com/article/2020-us-census-shows-more-diversity-nationwide-lowest-baltimore-residency-in-century/37300475. Accessed 28 Apr. 2025.

—. “Suspect Pleads Guilty in Little Italy Restaurant Manager’s Killing.” WBAL, 27 Nov. 2023, www.wbaltv.com/article/little-italy-restaurant-manager-murder-suspect-guilty-sentence/45954688. Accessed 13 Dec. 2024.

Conrad, Brooke. “Maryland Juvenile Services Secretary Vincent Schiraldi Responds to Calls for His Removal.” Capital Gazette, 19 Oct. 2024, www.capitalgazette.com/2024/10/19/juvenile-services-secretary-schiraldi-responds-to-calls-for-removal/. Accessed 5 May 2025.

Coulter, Christina, and Andrea Blanco. “Female DoorDash Driver, 51, Is Shot Dead by Robbers in Baltimore.” Mail Online, Daily Mail, 26 Jan. 2022, www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-10444371/Female-DoorDash-driver-51-shot-dead-robbers-Baltimore.html. Accessed 22 Mar. 2025.

Daniels, Keith. “FOX45: Baltimore Community Delivers Petition to Oust DJS Secretary Vincent Schiraldi.” The Baltimore Sun, 5 Oct. 2024, www.baltimoresun.com/2024/10/05/community-delivers-petition-to-oust-schiraldi/. Accessed 5 May 2025.

—. “New Department of Juvenile Services Secretary under Scrutiny after Video Appearance.” WBFF, 23 Feb. 2023, foxbaltimore.com/news/local/new-department-of-juvenile-services-secretary-under-scrutiny-after-video-appearance. Accessed 5 May 2025.

DepartmentOwn4615. “Why Is Baltimore so Trans?” Reddit.com, 30 Apr. 2025, www.reddit.com/r/baltimore/comments/1kbhihd/why_is_baltimore_so_trans/. Accessed 3 May 2025.

Dickstein, Ryan. “Gunman Caught on Video Beating, Robbing Man in Butcher’s Hill Sentenced.” WMAR 2 News Baltimore, 1 Apr. 2025, www.wmar2news.com/local/gunman-caught-on-video-beating-robbing-man-in-butchers-hill-sentenced. Accessed 30 Apr. 2025.

Duncan, Ian. “City to Pay Lawyers to Help Residents Fight Deportations; Spending Panel Approves $200,000 to Defend People in Immigration Court Cases.” The Baltimore Sun, 8 Mar. 2018, p. A1.

Duncan, Rachel, and Greg Ng. “Maryland Juvenile Services Secretary Responds to Calls for His Removal over Handling of Crimes.” WBAL, 18 Oct. 2024, www.wbaltv.com/article/maryland-juvenile-services-secretary-schiraldi-responds/62653730. Accessed 5 May 2025.

Editorial Board. “Justice for Stephen Pitcairn.” The Baltimore Sun, 21 Oct. 2011, www.baltimoresun.com/2011/10/21/justice-for-stephen-pitcairn/. Accessed 5 May 2025.

Gaskill, Hannah. “Maryland Juvenile Services Secretary Faces Criticism on Youth Recidivism, Attacks against DJS Staff.” Msn.com, The Baltimore Sun, 15 Jan. 2025, www.foplodge4.org/blog/maryland-juvenile-services-secretary-faces-criticism-on-youth-recidivism-attacks-against-djs-staff/. Accessed 5 May 2025.

George, Justin. “Storeowner Reopens Store after Relative Was Murdered.” The Baltimore Sun, 20 Jan. 2014, www.baltimoresun.com/2014/01/20/storeowner-reopens-store-after-relative-was-murdered/. Accessed 30 Apr. 2025.

Glick, Sara Nelson, and Matthew R Golden. “Persistence of Racial Differences in Attitudes toward Homosexuality in the United States.” JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, vol. 55, no. 4, Dec. 2010, pp. 516–523, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2974805/, https://doi.org/10.1097/qai.0b013e3181f275e0.

Hermann, Peter. “Death Comes Too Often Here; Where Baltimore’s Transgender Prostitutes Gather, an Air of Grief, Fatalism after the Shooting of Two of Their Own at NSA.” The Washington Post, 5 Apr. 2015.

Hill, Vincent. “Baltimore’s Fells Point Robbery Sparks Resident Concerns.” WBFF, 21 Apr. 2025, foxbaltimore.com/news/local/baltimores-fells-point-robbery-sparks-resident-concerns#. Accessed 21 Apr. 2025.

“Historic American Buildings Survey: Pier 9, 1824 Half St., SW.” National Park Service, www.nps.gov/places/upload/Pier-9-1.pdf. Accessed 4 May 2025.

Hullinger, Logan. “Baltimore’s Trans Community Doesn’t Just Want to Be Seen. They Want to Be Heard.” Baltimore Beat, 3 Apr. 2025, baltimorebeat.com/baltimores-trans-community-doesnt-just-want-to-be-seen-it-wants-to-be-heard/. Accessed 3 May 2025.

Joe & Nic’s Road Trip. “Baltimore: Huge, Dangerous Slums Surround Beautiful Downtown.” YouTube, 8 Apr. 2022, www.youtube.com/watch?v=5mX2t23Lb6Q. Accessed 30 Apr. 2025.

JonWilso. “@Justin_fenton: New: A 16-Year-Old Boy Has Been Charged with Murder in the Killing of 51-Year-Old Cheryl McCormack, a Door Dash Driver Who Police Say Was Killed in a Botched Robbery.” Reddit.com, 23 Feb. 2022, www.reddit.com/r/baltimore/comments/szpi5r/justin_fenton_new_a_16yearold_boy_has_been/. Accessed 22 May 2025.

JonWilso. “Justin Fenton – Man Killed in Fatal Shooting in Fells Point Last Night Identified as Little Italy Restaurant La Scala’s GM Chesley Patterson.” Reddit.com, 24 Jan. 2022, www.reddit.com/r/baltimore/comments/sbu0fs/justin_fenton_man_killed_in_fatal_shooting_in/. Accessed 22 May 2025.

Joplin, Ashleigh. “Prosecutor Nolle Pros Homicide Case due to Witness Dying of an Overdose – Baltimore Witness.” Baltimore Witness, 8 Feb. 2023, baltimorewitness.org/prosecutor-nolle-pros-homicide-case-due-to-witness-dying-of-an-overdose/. Accessed 22 May 2025.

Lola, Sophia. “The 2015 Baltimore Uprising Was a Trans Turning Point.” Johns Hopkins University, The Sheridan Libraries & University Museums Blog, 8 Sept. 2022, blogs.library.jhu.edu/2022/09/the-2015-baltimore-uprising-was-a-trans-turning-point/. Accessed 3 May 2025.

Mann, Alex. “Area Man Gets Life plus 35 Years; Killed Woman in Front of Her Children at Patterson Park Deli.” The Baltimore Sun, 3 July 2023, digitaledition.baltimoresun.com/tribune/article_popover.aspx?guid=335a38ad-f369-40fe-82f6-6f7d4e42d1e3. Accessed 10 June 2025.

Miller, Hallie. “Baltimore’s Population Grew Last Year, but Maybe Hold off on the Victory Lap.” The Baltimore Banner, 19 Mar. 2025, www.thebaltimorebanner.com/politics-power/local-government/baltimore-census-update-population-I44M4YFC3BHGVG4WVWAVCTNWYY/. Accessed 10 May 2025.

“NAHB Announces a 10-Point Plan to Tame Shelter Inflation, Ease the Housing Affordability Crisis.” National Association of Home Builders, 1 May 2024, www.nahb.org/news-and-economics/press-releases/2024/05/nahb-announces-a-10-point-plan-to-tame-shelter-inflation-ease-the-housing-affordability-crisis. Accessed 3 May 2025.

National Press Club Live. “NPC Headliner Luncheon: Gov. Wes Moore.” YouTube, 22 June 2023, www.youtube.com/watch?v=h32q7gNMtwM. Accessed 26 Apr. 2025.

O’Doherty, Ryan . “Mayor Rawlings-Blake Signs Executive Order to Protect New Americans from Discrimination.” City of Baltimore, 2 Mar. 2012, content.govdelivery.com/accounts/MDBALT/bulletins/317c13. Accessed 28 Apr. 2025.

“Patterson’s Family Speaks out after Arrest.” WBAL, 14 Apr. 2022, www.youtube.com/watch?v=JfcHat6Y1D8. Accessed 7 July 2025.

Pilkington, Ed. “Fear and Violence in Transgender Baltimore: “It’s Scary Trusting Anyone.”” The Guardian, 1 Aug. 2014, www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/01/murder-transgender-women-baltimore-heighten-fears-mia-henderson. Accessed 3 May 2025.

prenonymous. “What Are Your Honest Thoughts on Living in Baltimore?” Reddit.com, 4 Jan. 2022, www.reddit.com/r/baltimore/comments/rvzh2v/what_are_your_honest_thoughts_on_living_in/. Accessed 30 Apr. 2025.

Pryor, Rebecca. “Juveniles Accused in Butchers Hill Attack Now Facing Charges, Victim Questions Delay.” WBFF, 5 Feb. 2024, foxbaltimore.com/news/local/juveniles-accused-in-butchers-hill-attack-now-facing-charges-victim-questions-delay. Accessed 30 Apr. 2025.

—. “Residents Weigh in on Why Baltimore City’s Population Is Plummeting.” WBFF, 25 Apr. 2023, foxbaltimore.com/news/local/residents-weigh-in-on-why-baltimore-citys-population-is-plummeting. Accessed 30 Apr. 2025.

Rainbow History Project. “The Pier Photographs · Rainbow History Project Digital Collections.” Rainbowhistory.org, 2025, archives.rainbowhistory.org/items/show/618. Accessed 4 May 2025.

“Resident Population in Baltimore City, MD .” U.S. Census Bureau, FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, 14 Mar. 2025, fred.stlouisfed.org/series/MDBALT5POP. Accessed 21 Apr. 2025.

Romana, Aja. “Black Women on Social Media Urge Baltimore to Remember Mya Hall.” The Daily Dot, 30 Apr. 2015, www.dailydot.com/irl/transgender-sex-worker-mya-hall-death-nsa/. Accessed 3 May 2025.

Sabol, Blair. “Baltimore Mayor Says No Plans to Change Policies on Immigration amid Federal Crackdown.” WMAR 2 News Baltimore, 23 Jan. 2025, www.wmar2news.com/infocus/baltimore-mayor-says-no-plans-to-change-policies-on-immigration-amid-federal-crackdown. Accessed 10 Apr. 2025.

Senior_Election5636. “ Solutions to Fells Points Youth Problem? .” Reddit.com, 10 June 2024, www.reddit.com/r/baltimore/comments/1dcmjsk/solutions_to_fells_points_youth_problem/. Accessed 10 June 2025.

Sherman, Natalie. “Baltimore Population Falls, Nearing a 100-Year Low, U.S. Census Says.” The Baltimore Sun, 23 Mar. 2017, www.baltimoresun.com/2017/03/23/baltimore-population-falls-nearing-a-100-year-low-us-census-says/. Accessed 21 Apr. 2025.

Siid, Aziah. “After the Death of a Morgan Student, a Scholarship in His Name Is Underway | the Spokesman.” The Spokesman | the Student News Site of Morgan State University, 6 Nov. 2019, themsuspokesman.com/9828/news/campus-news/after-the-death-of-a-morgan-student-a-scholarship-in-his-name-is-underway/. Accessed 30 Apr. 2025.

Simpson, Amy. “As Residents Leave, Baltimore Named among Top 15 Shrinking U.S. Cities.” WBFF, 30 Jan. 2024, foxbaltimore.com/news/local/as-residents-leave-baltimore-named-among-top-15-shrinking-us-cities. Accessed 26 Apr. 2025.

smile_is_contagious. “Baltimore Is Horrible for Transgender People and on the Top Five Best Cities for Lgbt? .” Reddit.com, 9 Sept. 2021, www.reddit.com/r/asktransgender/comments/pl4orz/baltimore_is_horrible_for_transgender_people_and/. Accessed 3 May 2025.

Spargo, Chris. “Baltimore Teen Accused of Murdering a Grandmother When Her Car Broke down during DoorDash Deliveries.” Law & Crime, 24 Feb. 2022, lawandcrime.com/crime/baltimore-teen-accused-of-murdering-a-grandmother-when-her-car-broke-down-during-doordash-deliveries/. Accessed 29 Dec. 2024.

Stacy, Christina Plerhoples, and Joseph Schilling. “Housing Codes Should Protect Public Health, Not Penalize Low-Income Homeowners.” Urban Institute, 9 Oct. 2019, www.urban.org/urban-wire/housing-codes-should-protect-public-health-not-penalize-low-income-homeowners. Accessed 3 May 2025.

Strickland, Ray. ““I Miss Her a Lot”: Daughter of Food Delivery Driver Murdered in Baltimore Hopes Her Mother Will Get Justice.” WMAR 2 News Baltimore, 18 Mar. 2022, www.wmar2news.com/news/local-news/i-miss-her-a-lot-daughter-of-food-delivery-driver-murdered-in-baltimore-hopes-her-mother-will-get-justice. Accessed 20 Mar. 2025.

steppinthrax. “The City That Bleeds: Race, History, and the Death of Baltimore – Maryland (MD) – Page 3 – City-Data Forum.” City-Data.com, 14 Feb. 2015, www.city-data.com/forum/baltimore/2289021-city-bleeds-race-history-death-baltimore-3.html. Accessed 7 May 2025.

Streicher, Maxine. “Baltimore City Gets Billions in Federal Aid Annually.” WBFF, Aug. 2019, foxbaltimore.com/news/local/baltimore-city-gets-billions-in-federal-aid-annually. Accessed 27 Apr. 2025.

Thompson, Nicole Akoukou. “Best Cities for Latinos: Baltimore Appeals to Latinos with Job Opportunities & Attractions.” Latin Post, 26 Aug. 2015, www.latinpost.com/articles/74490/20150826/baltimore-breeds-businesses-and-attracts-latinos-with-its-countless-job-opportunities-attractions.htm. Accessed 29 Apr. 2025.

Tkacik, Christina. “Killing of La Scala Manager Leaves Baltimore’s Little Italy Grieving and on Edge as Rising Violence Delivers “Gut Punch, Gut Punch, Gut Punch.”” The Baltimore Sun, 27 Jan. 2022.

United States Census Bureau. “QuickFacts: Baltimore City, Maryland.” Census Bureau QuickFacts, United States Census Bureau, 2024, www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/baltimorecitymaryland/PST045224.

USAFacts. “Baltimore City, MD Population by Year, Race, & More.” USAFacts, 30 Jan. 2025, usafacts.org/data/topics/people-society/population-and-demographics/our-changing-population/state/maryland/county/baltimore-city/?endDate=2022-01-01&startDate=1970-01-01. Accessed 30 Jan. 2025.

Vaidyanathan, Rajini. “Census 2010: Baltimore’s Fast-Growing Spanishtown.” BBC News, 31 Dec. 2010, www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-12078114. Accessed 28 Apr. 2025.

WBAL-TV 11 Baltimore. “A Butchers Hill Assault Survivor Shared Her Frustration over the Sentencing Handed down in Her Case.” Facebook.com, 2023, www.facebook.com/100064908090741/posts/925657199607875/. Accessed 26 Apr. 2025.

WBFF Fox 45. “Economist Discusses Crime’s Impact on Baltimore’s Economy | CRIME in BALTIMORE| Last Week, a Delivery Driver, a Restaurant Manager and a Police Officer’s Husband Were Murdered in Baltimore City. An Economist… | by WBFF FOX 45 | Facebook.” Facebook.com, 30 Jan. 2022, www.facebook.com/watch/?v=821675149233979. Accessed 21 Apr. 2025.

WBFF FOX45 Baltimore. “As Residents Leave, Baltimore Named among Top 15 Shrinking U.S. Cities.” YouTube, 1 Feb. 2024, www.youtube.com/watch?v=4OY6Hq6JW4Q. Accessed 26 Apr. 2025.

“Why They Matter: Housing and Building Codes.” Habitat for Humanity, 2019, www.habitat.org/costofhome/why-they-matter-housing-building-codes. Accessed 3 May 2025.

William IV, John-John. “Memorial Honors Transgender Victims: In the Wake of Two Recent Killings, Members of Community Voice Their Fears and Call for Respect.” The Baltimore Sun, 17 Aug. 2014, p. A2.

Williams IV, John-John. “Education, Crime, Affordability: Why Black Residents Continue to Leave Baltimore.” The Baltimore Banner, 4 Oct. 2024, www.thebaltimorebanner.com/economy/growth-development/black-baltimore-population-decrease-GWBGTGONTVGJ7HQQ6BCOW6COT4/. Accessed 30 Apr. 2025.

Williams, Jeffrey Lee. “The Low-down on the down Low – the Gay & Lesbian Review.” The Gay and Lesbian View, Nov. 2011, glreview.org/article/article-1322/. Accessed 3 May 2025.

WJZ. “Vigil Held for Chesley Patterson, Slain Manager of Popular Little Italy Restaurant.” YouTube, 26 Jan. 2022, www.youtube.com/watch?v=jdFbzh1MHJk. Accessed 24 May 2025.

Zaheer, Aima. “5 Biggest US Cities Facing Depopulation by 2100.” Insider Monkey, 28 Jan. 2024, www.insidermonkey.com/blog/5-biggest-us-cities-facing-depopulation-by-2100-1250382/2/. Accessed 26 Apr. 2025.

Zimmardi, Abby, and Ryan Little. “Black Residents Are Leaving Baltimore in Large Numbers, Heading to Suburbs.” The Baltimore Banner, 25 Apr. 2023, www.thebaltimorebanner.com/community/local-news/black-population-baltimore-PDCTFYIHIJGFZNDAM24XTUWRJM/. Accessed 28 Apr. 2025.

Zimmardi, Abby, and Greg Morton. “Baltimore Gained Population for the First Time in a Decade, New Data Shows.” The Baltimore Banner, 13 Mar. 2025, www.thebaltimorebanner.com/baltimore/baltimore-population-gain-reverse-trend-5DJNF47HUFDUDGTTTOEXTMQFJQ/. Accessed 10 May 2025.

My great escape

Alvarez, Rafael. “Leaving Baltimore? Not an Option.” Baltimore Fishbowl, 28 Feb. 2024, baltimorefishbowl.com/stories/leaving-baltimore-not-an-option/. Accessed 6 May 2025.

DiVenti, Tom. “John Waters Talks Baltimore.” Splice Today, 2 Aug. 2023, www.splicetoday.com/baltimore/john-waters-talks-baltimore. Accessed 20 Dec. 2024.

Habeeb, Lee. “Trump May Be Crude, but Baltimore Really Is Spiraling—That’s Why I Left | Opinion.” Newsweek, 30 July 2019, www.newsweek.com/trump-may-crude-baltimore-really-spiralingthats-why-i-left-opinion-1451772. Accessed 6 May 2025.

Hofstaedter, Emily. “New Baltimore City Office Will Support People Leaving Prison and Rehab.” WYPR, 19 Mar. 2024, www.wypr.org/wypr-news/2024-03-19/new-baltimore-city-office-will-support-people-leaving-prison-and-rehab. Accessed 9 May 2025.

Maza, Cristina. “Baltimore Residents Respond to Trump’s “Rat Infested City” Comments: “I’m Thrilled to Be Here.”” Newsweek, 29 July 2019, www.newsweek.com/baltimore-residents-respond-trump-rat-comments-1451606. Accessed 6 May 2025.

U.S. Census Bureau. “SNAP Benefits Recipients in Baltimore City, MD.” Stlouisfed.org, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, 2022, fred.stlouisfed.org/series/CBR24510MDA647NCEN. Accessed 5 May 2025.

Uken, Cindy. “The Neediest Cities in America in 2020.” Uken Report, 22 Dec. 2020, ukenreport.com/the-neediest-cities-in-america-in-2020/. Accessed 6 May 2025.

voteforpatty. “ Where I’m From, We Have a Saying… .” Reddit.com, 7 May 2025, www.reddit.com/r/baltimore/comments/1khaai2/where_im_from_we_have_a_saying/. Accessed 10 May 2025.

VPNHideIP. “ Dirt Bike Riders in Fells Point Saturday Night .” Reddit.com, 24 May 2021, www.reddit.com/r/baltimore/comments/nk71th/dirt_bike_riders_in_fells_point_saturday_night/. Accessed 19 May 2025.

Memories from a distance

Baker, K.C. “GoFundMe for Uber Eats Driver Allegedly Murdered by 13- and 15-Year-Old Girls Surpasses $1M .” People, 8 Dec. 2021, people.com/crime/gofundme-uber-eats-driver-killed-carjacking-1m/. Accessed 15 May 2025.

Berinato, Chris. “Attempted Murder Case Dropped against Baltimore Man Accused of Shooting Two Squeegee Kids.” WBFF, 18 Apr. 2023, foxbaltimore.com/news/local/attempted-murder-case-dropped-against-baltimore-man-accused-of-shooting-two-squeegee-kids. Accessed 19 May 2025.

“Carjacking.” EBSCO Information Services, Inc. | Www.ebsco.com, 2019, www.ebsco.com/research-starters/law/carjacking?utm_source=chatgpt.com. Accessed 17 May 2025.

CBS News Philadelphia. “Police: 2 Brothers in Custody after Fairmount Man Is Gunned down Protecting Daughter – CBS Philadelphia.” 8 Sept. 2017, www.cbsnews.com/philadelphia/news/gerard-grandzol-shooting/. Accessed 14 May 2025.

—. “Wife of Man Fatally Shot in Fairmount: “Those Gunshots Destroyed My Life.”” Cbsnews.com, 9 Sept. 2017, www.cbsnews.com/philadelphia/news/man-fatally-shot-fairmount-gunshots-destroyed-life/. Accessed 14 May 2025.

Daniels, Keith. “Survivor of Deadly Food Delivery Shooting Speaks Out.” WBFF, 28 Jan. 2022, foxbaltimore.com/news/local/test-01-29-2022. Accessed 22 Jan. 2025.

Fenton, Justin. “Dashcam Video Shows Final Seconds of Timothy Reynolds’ Fatal Encounter with Squeegee Workers, but Questions Remain.” The Baltimore Banner, 9 July 2022, www.thebaltimorebanner.com/community/criminal-justice/baltimore-squeegee-shooting-video-timothy-reynolds-shot-dashcam-footage-shows-MMDHJ7UYN5F3ZK2TITKLFO6HOE/. Accessed 19 May 2025.

—. “In May, Three Squeegee Workers Are Working the Intersection of Moravia Road and Sinclair Lane When a Man in a Pickup Truck Offers Them Some Money to Help Him Move Some Things from One Place to Another. .” X (Formerly Twitter), 5 Oct. 2022, x.com/justin_fenton/status/1577732668653027357. Accessed 2 Apr. 2025.

Gelinas, Nicole. “Stop Blaming “Stray Bullets” and “Botched Robberies” for CRIMINAL Violence.” Manhattan Institute, 31 May 2023, manhattan.institute/article/stop-blaming-stray-bullets-and-botched-robberies-for-criminal-violence. Accessed 14 May 2025.

Hayward, Rushaad. “Case Dropped against Man Who Allegedly Shot Squeegee Workers for Scamming Mother.” WMAR 2 News Baltimore, 18 Apr. 2023, www.wmar2news.com/local/case-dropped-against-man-who-allegedly-shot-squeegee-workers-for-scamming-mother. Accessed 19 May 2025.

July 2019, J. M. Giordano |. “Coming Clean: Baltimore’s Squeegee Kids Have Been a Source of Off-And-on Concern for Decades.” Baltimore Magazine, 14 June 2019, www.baltimoremagazine.com/section/community/baltimore-squeegee-kids-traffic-debate-concern/. Accessed 19 May 2025.

Kamau, Wambui. “Teenage Squeegee Worker Convicted of Voluntary Manslaughter in Downtown Baltimore Shooting.” WYPR, 27 July 2023, www.wypr.org/wypr-news/2023-07-27/teenage-squeegee-worker-convicted-of-voluntary-manslaughter-in-downtown-baltimore-shooting. Accessed 19 May 2025.

Kelly, Jacques. “A Transformation into Perkins Square .” The Baltimore Sun, 27 Apr. 2024. Accessed 22 Jan. 2025.

“Maryland Correctional Enterprises – Signs.” Md.gov, 2023, store.mce.md.gov/c-221-signs.aspx. Accessed 10 May 2025.

Sefret, Shayna. “Self-Defense or Murder: What Happened in the Trial of the Squeegee Boy? – Baltimore Witness.” Baltimore Witness, 29 July 2023, baltimorewitness.org/self-defense-or-murder-what-happened-in-the-trial-of-the-squeegee-boy/. Accessed 13 Dec. 2024.

Segelbaum, Dylan. “A Timeline of the Baltimore Squeegee Shooting: What We Know about Timothy Reynolds’ Death.” The Baltimore Banner, 8 July 2022, www.thebaltimorebanner.com/community/criminal-justice/timothy-reynolds-baltimore-man-was-shot-and-killed-after-swinging-bat-at-squeegee-workers-HYMLQFT7CJCRBLHPAPHZPLOLNU/. Accessed 19 May 2025.

Siegel, Eric. “A Look at City and History ; Baltimore: Testimony in a Federal Trial Reveals How Decisions on Public Housing in the Segregated 1940s Influenced Patterns of Growth for Years.” The Baltimore Sun, 11 Dec. 2003. Accessed 22 Jan. 2025.

Skene, Lea. “Baltimore Squeegee Worker on Trial for Murder Acted in Self-Defense in Motorist’s Death, Lawyer Says.” AP News, 18 July 2023, apnews.com/article/baltimore-squeegee-workers-shooting-murder-trial-69f063b2dcb83e578828d8abb946023d. Accessed 13 Dec. 2024.

Swalec, Andrea. “DC Carjacking Suspect Charged with Murder after Taking SUV from Hospital, Crashing with Victim Inside: Police.” NBC4 Washington, 4 June 2024, www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/dc-carjacking-suspect-charged-with-murder-after-taking-suv-from-hospital-crashing-with-victim-inside-police/3632442/. Accessed 15 May 2025.

Swift, Tim. “Baltimore Man Seriously Wounds 2 Squeegee Kids after Mom Robbed in App Scam, Documents Say.” WBFF, 5 Oct. 2022, foxbaltimore.com/news/local/baltimore-man-serious-wounds-2-squeegee-kids-after-mother-robbed-in-cash-app-scam-documents-say-tim-reynolds. Accessed 2 Apr. 2025.

—. “Baltimore Police Fielded Multiple Calls Involving Squeegee Kids before Fatal Shooting.” WBFF, 8 July 2022, foxbaltimore.com/news/local/baltimore-police-fielded-multiple-incidents-involving-squeegee-kids-before-fatal-shooting. Accessed 19 May 2025.

—. “Man Killed in Altercation with Squeegee Kids Identified as Father of 3 from Hampden.” WBFF, 8 July 2022, foxbaltimore.com/news/local/man-killed-in-altercation-with-squeegee-kids-identified-as-father-of-three-from-hampden. Accessed 20 Mar. 2025.

WJZ. “The Baltimore Banner Obtains Dashcam Video of Deadly Altercation between Timothy Reynolds, Squeegee.” YouTube, 16 Nov. 2022, www.youtube.com/watch?v=TDV0niL8Rhw. Accessed 22 Mar. 2025.

—. “Timothy Reynolds’ Family Reveals New Images of Deadly Squeegee Attack.” YouTube, 15 Nov. 2022, www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oypi3MQ95jQ. Accessed 22 Mar. 2025.

—. “Video Shows Squeegee Worker Assaulting a Driver at Busy Baltimore Intersection.” YouTube, 27 May 2022, www.youtube.com/watch?v=KKV6ViUvZ9k. Accessed 22 Mar. 2025.

WMAR-2 News. “Woman’s Struggle with Squeegee Kids Ends with Gunfire in South Baltimore.” YouTube, 24 Oct. 2019, www.youtube.com/watch?v=c3Tje_zGXs8. Accessed 22 Mar. 2025.

Outliers afterword

Albert, Jessica. “Elderly Man Violently Attacked in Fells Point “Shouldn’t Be Dead,” Wife Says.” CBS Baltimore, 20 Aug. 2024, www.cbsnews.com/baltimore/news/elderly-man-violently-attacked-in-fells-point-shouldnt-be-dead-wife-says/. Accessed 31 Mar. 2025.

“Alysia Strickland Obituary (2013) – Roanoke Valley, VA .” Legacy.com, Roanoke Times, 27 Feb. 2013, www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/roanoke/name/alysia-strickland-obituary?id=24581255. Accessed 20 Mar. 2025.

Ashwell, Alexa. “Arrest Made in Federal Hill Murder of Pasadena Teen.” WBFF, 26 Nov. 2024, foxbaltimore.com/news/local/arrest-made-in-federal-hill-murder-of-pasadena-teen. Accessed 16 Dec. 2024.

Bates, Ivan J. “State’s Attorney Issues Statement on Guilty Plea in Fatal Fells Point Attack.” The Baltimore City State’s Attorney’s Office, 13 Mar. 2025, www.stattorney.org/media-center/press-releases/3044-state-s-attorney-issues-statement-on-guilty-plea-in-fatal-fells-point-attack. Accessed 22 Mar. 2025.

Battiata, Mary. “Jury Awards Falwell $200,000 Damages.” The Washington Post, 9 Dec. 1984, www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1984/12/09/jury-awards-falwell-200000-damages/ef270727-2209-4b6f-a0d9-e2f1222054dc/. Accessed 1 Apr. 2025.

Connelly Funeral Home. Official Obituary of Julien “Rico” R. Rosaly. 2019, www.connellyfuneralhome.com/obituary/JulienRico-Rosaly. Accessed 26 Mar. 2025.

Crouch Funeral Home, P.A. Obituary for Carl Wade Bodine. CFS, 5 July 2024, www.crouchfuneralhome.com/obituary/Carl-Wade-Bodine. Accessed 31 Mar. 2025.

Dickstein, Ryan. “Attacker Confesses to Deadly Assault on 74-Year-Old Walking Dog in Fells Point.” WMAR 2 News Baltimore, 20 Aug. 2024, www.wmar2news.com/local/attacker-confesses-to-deadly-assault-on-74-year-old-walking-dog-in-fells-point. Accessed 16 Dec. 2024.

Dikos, Alexa. “74-Year-Old Man Dies after Assault in Fells Point, according to Police.” WBFF, 18 Aug. 2024, foxbaltimore.com/news/local/74-year-old-man-dies-after-assault-in-fells-point-according-to-police. Accessed 22 Mar. 2025.

González, Priscila. “East Baltimore Aches after Violent Death of Fabián Sánchez–González – Catholic Review.” Catholic Review, 6 May 2023, catholicreview.org/east-baltimore-aches-after-violent-death-of-fabian-sanchez-gonzalez/. Accessed 22 Mar. 2025.

Harris, Cayla. “Teenager Killed in South Baltimore Shooting Was like a “Second Mom” to Siblings.” The Baltimore Banner, 15 Nov. 2024, www.thebaltimorebanner.com/obituaries/cameran-holt-south-baltimore-shooting-DABE3CK4CFHN3HAIIDAHWKCSX4/. Accessed 20 Mar. 2025.

HashTagFinallyWoke. “Immigrant Churchgoer Victorino Malabayabas Pursuing the American Dream Robbed & Killed in Front of His Home by Antonio Bardney.” Reddit.com, 12 May 2024, www.reddit.com/r/Justice4Victims/comments/1cq4wlf/immigrant_churchgoer_victorino_malabayabas/. Accessed 22 May 2025.

Hill, Vincent. “Baltimore Grandmother Caught in Tragic Double Shooting due to Wrong Place, Time.” WBFF, 21 Jan. 2024, foxbaltimore.com/news/local/baltimore-grandmother-caught-in-tragic-double-shooting-due-to-wrong-place-time. Accessed 13 Dec. 2024. 

Kersey, Paul. “Her Name Is Brittany Foster: In 70% Black Baltimore, Two Blacks (One out on Bond for Robbery) Murder 26-Year-Old White Woman.” The Unz Review, 14 July 2019, www.unz.com/sbpdl/her-name-is-brittany-foster-in-70-black-baltimore-two-blacks-one-out-on-bond-for-robbery-murder-26-year-old-white-woman/. Accessed 22 Jan. 2025.

“Killed – Taewon Tuck (Baltimore, MD).” Shot in the USA: Gun Violence after Newtown, 22 Feb. 2013, usgunviolence.wordpress.com/2013/02/22/killed-taewon-tuck-baltimore-md/. Accessed 20 Mar. 2025.

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